Absorbent article with a distribution layer comprising channels

ABSTRACT

An absorbent article such as a diaper extending in a longitudinal direction parallel to a longitudinal axis ( 80 ′) and a transversal direction ( 90 ′) perpendicular to the longitudinal direction and comprising a distribution layer ( 54 ) between a topsheet ( 24 ) and an absorbent core ( 28 ). The distribution layer comprises a fibrous material and a first and second longitudinally-extending channels ( 86   a,b ) substantially free of fibrous material. The fibrous material is profiled in the transversal direction so that average basis weight between the channels differs from the average basis weight in the lateral areas outward of the channels by at least 50 g/m 2  and/or wherein the distribution layer comprises a first region having a first basis weight (bw 1 ) and a second region having a second basis weight (bw 2 ), wherein the first basis weight and the second basis weight differ by at least 20 g/m 2 , preferably by at least 50 g/m 2 , and these regions are present in different areas of the distribution layer but in the same longitudinally extending transversal section. The absorbent core may comprise channel-forming areas ( 26   a,b ). The article further comprises a backsheet ( 25 ).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to personal hygiene absorbent articles such as,but not limited to, baby diapers, training pants, feminine pads or adultincontinence products. The invention is in a first aspect directed to animproved distribution layer that efficiently uses a fibrous distributionmaterial.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Absorbent articles for personal hygiene are designed to absorb andcontain body exudates, in particular large quantity of urine. Theseabsorbent articles typically comprise several layers that providedifferent functions, for example a topsheet for quickly acquiring thefluid and feel soft on the wearer's skin, a backsheet for protection thewearer's clothes, an absorbent core for retaining fluid, and anacquisition or distribution layer between the topsheet and the absorbentcore for pulling the liquid away from the topsheet and bringing it intothe absorbent core.

Absorbent cores traditionally comprise as absorbent material a blend ofcellulose fibers with superabsorbent polymer (SAP) particles, alsocalled absorbent gelling materials (AGM), see for example U.S. Pat. No.5,151,092 (Buell). Absorbent articles having cores consistingessentially of SAP without cellulose fibers as absorbent material (socalled “airfelt-free” cores) have been more recently proposed. Forexample WO2008/155699 (Hundorf) discloses absorbent cores with apatterned layer of SAP immobilized by a net of fibrous thermoplasticadhesive material deposited over the layer of SAP. The fibrousthermoplastic material helps maintaining the SAP in position within theabsorbent core prior to and during use of the article, withoutsubstantially restricting the ability of the SAP to absorb large volumesof urine. More recently, WO2012/170783 (Hundorf et al.) disclosesabsorbent cores comprising absorbent material having a basis weight thatvaries across the absorbent core. WO2012/170778 (Rosati et al.)discloses absorbent structures that comprise superabsorbent polymers,optionally a cellulosic material, and at least a pair of substantiallylongitudinally-extending channels (see also WO2012/170779, WO2012/170781and WO2012/170808). The core wrap can be adhesively bonded through thechannels to form a channel bond. The integrity of the channel bonds maybe at least partially maintained in wet state.

It is also known to provide an intermediate layer between the topsheetand the absorbent core. These intermediate layers are designed toquickly acquire and/or distribute the fluid away from the topsheet andbring it into the core. These intermediate layers are sometimes called“wicking layer”, “surge layer”, “acquisition layer” or “distributionlayer”. These intermediate layers typically do not comprisesuperabsorbent material.

Absorbent articles having only one of these intermediate layers areknown. WO94/23761 (Payne) for example discloses an acquisition layercomprising an homogeneous composition of hydrophilic fibrous materialcomprising stiffened, twisted, and curled cellulose fibers and having adensified distribution zone. Other examples are found in U.S. Pat. No.5,486,166 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,490,846 (Bishop). Articles having twointermediate layers or more, in particular an acquisition layer having ahigh capillarity which pulls the fluid quickly away from the topsheetand a distribution layer having a larger void area to distribute thefluid over a large surface over the core, are also known. For exampleWO2014/93323 (Bianchi et al.) discloses an absorbent article with aprofiled acquisition-distribution system. Other exemplary referencesdisclosing such intermediate layers are US2008/0312621 andUS2008/0312622 (both Hundorf et al.), WO99/17679 (Everett et al.).Absorbent articles comprising channels in the absorbent core andpartially overlapping channels in a liquid management system have beenmore recently disclosed in WO2015/31225, WO2015/31229, WO2015/31243,WO2015/31256 (Roe et al.).

While the known absorbent articles can have good overall properties,there is a continuous need to improve comfort, fit and efficiency of thecurrent articles while reducing the usage of raw material to keep theprice of manufacture as low as possible. The present invention addressesthese problems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to an improved absorbent articlehaving a fibrous distribution layer. The article extends in alongitudinal direction parallel to a longitudinal axis and a transversaldirection perpendicular to the longitudinal direction. The absorbentcore comprises a fluid permeable topsheet on the wearer-facing side, anabsorbent core comprising an absorbent material, in particular asuperabsorbent polymer material, a fluid-impermeable backsheet on thegarment-facing side and a distribution layer between the topsheet andthe absorbent core. The distribution layer has:

-   -   a first and second longitudinally-extending channels        substantially free of fibrous material; wherein the first        channel is on one side of the longitudinal axis and the second        channel is on the other side of the longitudinal axis;    -   a central area comprising fibrous material disposed between the        first and second longitudinally-extending channels at an average        central area basis weight;    -   a first and second lateral areas comprising fibrous material and        disposed transversally outwardly of the first and second channel        respectively, wherein the first and second lateral areas have an        average lateral areas basis weight.

In a first aspect of the invention, the average central area basisweight differs from the average lateral areas basis weight in the firstand second lateral areas by at least 50 g/m² (grams per square meter or“gsm”). The average central area basis weight may be higher or lowerthan the average lateral areas basis weight of the first and secondlateral areas. The relative amount of distribution material can beadapted to the types of absorbent articles considered, including thetype of absorbent cores disposed underneath the distribution layer. Formost absorbent articles, the higher average basis weight may typicallyrange from 150 g/m² to 450 g/m², and the lower average basis weight maytypically range from 50 g/m² to 300 g/m².

In a second aspect, the distribution layer comprises a first regionhaving a first basis weight (bw1) and a second region having a secondbasis weight (bw2), wherein the first basis weight and the second basisweight differ by at least 20 g/m², advantageously by at least 50 g/m².The first region of first basis weight and the second region of secondbasis weight are present in different areas of the distribution layerbut in a same longitudinally-extending transversal section of thedistribution layer where the channels are present. The length of thistransversal section may in particular range from 30% to 100% of thelength of the channels, thus providing a CD profiling in at least 30% ofthe length of the channels up to 100%. The region of first basis weightmay for example be a region of higher basis weight comprised in thecentral area of the distribution layer, and the region of second basisweight may be comprised in the lateral areas, both regions beingcomprised in the same longitudinally extending transversal section ofthe core. This is for example illustrated in FIGS. 4-7. Alternatively,the second region may be of lower basis weight bw2 and may be comprisedin the central area while the first region is comprised in the lateralareas, both first and second regions being comprised in the samelongitudinally extending transversal section of the distribution layer.This is for example illustrated in FIGS. 13-15. There may be of coursefurther regions of different basis weight (bw3, bw4). The first aspectmay be of course combined with the second aspect or may be usedindependently of the second aspect.

The distribution layer may in particular be used with an absorbent corehaving channel-forming areas that are at least partially superposed withthe channels of the distribution layer. The absorbent core may thuscomprise a central absorbent zone and lateral absorbent zones definedrelative to the channel-forming areas of the core. The central absorbentzone and the lateral absorbent zones may advantageously have differentaverage basis weight. In this way, the higher basis weight area of thedistribution layer may match the higher basis weight zone of theabsorbent core, and likewise for the lower basis weight area. Theabsorbent core may be free of cellulose fibers.

The distribution material may be typically distributed in regions havingdifferent pre-determined basis weight. These regions may overlapdifferent areas of the distribution layer. These regions may betypically separated by continuous transition areas in the longitudinaldirection, whereas the channels may act as discontinuous transitionareas between these regions of different basis weight in the transversaldirection, at least along a portion of the length of the channels. Itmay be advantageous to have a relatively high amount of distributionmaterial in the central area at the P point of the article, which isdefined as the point on the longitudinal axis situated at a distance of0.30 of L″ from the front edge of the article, L″ being the length ofthe article measured along the longitudinal axis. The distributionmaterial may be comprised of cellulose fibers, in particularcross-linked cellulose fibers, but other materials are possible, inparticular fibrous materials having a Water Retention Value of from 2 to60, as measured by Water Retention Value Procedure described herein.

The first and second channels may be at least partially curved or angledso that the width of the central area varies at least along a portion ofthe length of the distribution layer. Alternatively the first and secondchannels may be straight and oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis.This and further aspects will now be further described in the followingdescription.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a top view of an exemplary article of the invention in theform of a taped diaper which has been pulled flat, with some layerspartially removed.

FIG. 2 shows an exploded view of the taped diaper of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 shows a transversal cross-section of the diaper of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 shows a top view of the distribution layer of the diaper of FIGS.1-3 in isolation.

FIG. 5 shows a transversal cross-section of FIG. 4.

FIGS. 6 and 7 shows two longitudinal cross-sections of the distributionlayer of FIG. 4.

FIG. 8 is a top view of an absorbent core comprising two curvedchannel-forming areas, with the top layer of the core wrap partiallyremoved.

FIG. 9 is a schematic transversal cross-section of the core of FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 is a schematic longitudinal cross-section of the core showing anoptional dual absorbent layer construction.

FIG. 11 is a schematic close-up view of a section of FIG. 10.

FIG. 12 shows in superposition the distribution layer of FIG. 4 with theabsorbent core of FIG. 8.

FIG. 13 shows an alternative distribution layer taken in isolation.

FIGS. 14-15 show two longitudinal cross-sections of the distributionlayer of FIG. 13.

FIG. 16 shows in superposition the distribution layer of FIG. 12 withthe absorbent core of FIG. 8.

FIGS. 17-19 show an alternative distribution layer taken in isolation.

FIGS. 20-22 show an alternative distribution layer taken in isolation.

FIG. 23 shows a portion of a laying drum that can be used to form adistribution layer as shown on FIG. 20.

FIG. 24 schematically shows an article in the form of a pant.

FIG. 25 schematically shows a pant article with the side seams opened.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION General Description of anAbsorbent Article

An exemplary absorbent article according to the invention in the form ofa baby taped diaper 20 is represented in FIGS. 1-3. FIG. 1 is a top planview of the exemplary diaper in a flat-out state, with portions of thestructure being cut-away to more clearly show the construction of thediaper. FIG. 2 is an exploded view showing the different layers of thediaper of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is transversal cross-sectional view of thediaper 20 taken along line 2-2 in FIG. 1. This diaper 20 is shown forillustration purpose only, as the invention may be used for making awide variety of diapers or other absorbent articles such as trainingpants, adult incontinence pants or feminine sanitary pads. FIGS. 24-25for example schematically show a pant type absorbent article that mayalso use the invention.

The absorbent article 20 comprises a liquid permeable topsheet 24, aliquid impermeable backsheet 25 and an absorbent core 28 between thetopsheet and the backsheet. The absorbent article represented alsocomprises an acquisition layer 52 directly underneath the topsheet and adistribution layer 54 according to invention. The acquisition layer 52is optional. The distribution layer 54 has a pair oflongitudinally-extending channels 86 a,b which are substantially free ofabsorbent material. The distribution layer 54 will be further discussedin details in the next section. Other typical diaper components arerepresented such as elasticized gasketing cuffs 32, upstanding barrierleg cuffs 34, fastening tabs 42 and landing zone 44, an urine indicator70. These further components will be discussed in more details furtherbelow. The absorbent article may also comprise other typical components,which are not represented in the Figures, such as a back elastic waistfeature, a front elastic waist feature, transverse barrier cuffs, alotion application, etc.

The absorbent article 20 comprises a front edge 10, a back edge 12, andtwo longitudinally-extending side (lateral) edges 13, 14. The front edge10 is the edge of the article which is intended to be placed towards thefront of the user when worn, and the back edge 12 is the opposite edge.The absorbent article is notionally divided by a longitudinal axis 80′extending along a longitudinal direction from the middle of the frontedge to the middle of the back edge of the article and dividing thearticle in two substantially symmetrical halves relative to this axis,when viewing the article from the wearer-facing side in a flat outconfiguration, as exemplarily shown in FIG. 1. This axis 80′ maytypically be concomitant with the longitudinal axis 80 of the core. Ifsome parts of the article are under tension due to elasticizedcomponents, the article may be typically flattened using clamps alongthe periphery of the article and/or a sticky surface, so that thearticle can be pulled taut so as to be substantially flat. Closedarticles such as training pants or adult incontinent pants may be cutopen along the side seams to apply them on a flat surface (asillustrated on FIG. 25). Unless otherwise indicated, dimensions andareas disclosed herein apply to the article in this flat-outconfiguration.

The article has a length L″ as measured along the longitudinal axis 80′from the back edge to the front edge. The absorbent article can also benotionally divided by a transversal axis 90′ into a front region and aback region of equal length measured on the longitudinal axis, when thearticle is in such a flat state. The transversal axis 90′ isperpendicular to the longitudinal axis 80′ and placed at half the lengthof the article. The intersection of the longitudinal axis 80′ and thetransversal axis 90′ is defined herein as the centerpoint C′ of thearticle. The P point is further defined herein as the point on thelongitudinal axis situated at a distance of 0.30 of the length of thearticle (L″) from the front edge of the article. The P point typicallycorresponds in many articles to a zone of relatively high volume offluid insult.

The absorbent core represented comprises a pair of channel-forming areas26, which may be substantially free of absorbent material and throughwhich the top side of the core wrap is bonded to the bottom side of thecore wrap. The absorbent core can alternatively comprise channelswithout core wrap bonds, or may be devoid of channels or channel-formingareas. However the channels of the distribution layer according to theinvention can advantageously cooperate with such channel-forming areaspresent in an absorbent core, especially when these are at leastpartially superposed with the channels of the distribution layer asillustrated in FIG. 3.

The topsheet 24, the backsheet 25, the absorbent core 28 and the otherarticle components may be assembled in a variety of well-knownconfigurations, in particular by gluing, fusion and/or pressure bonding.The topsheet 24 and the distribution layer 52, if present, may beattached to the top side 288 of the absorbent core through the channelof the distribution layer if desired (not shown in FIG. 3) for exampleby gluing. The absorbent article is preferably thin. The article may forexample have a caliper of from 1.0 mm to 8.0 mm, in particular from 1.5mm to 6.0 mm, at the centerpoint C′ as measured using the AbsorbentArticle Caliper Test described below.

Distribution Layer 54

The absorbent article comprises a distribution layer 54 between thetopsheet 24 and the absorbent core 28. There may be other layers betweenthe distribution layer and any of the topsheet and the absorbent core,for example an acquisition layer 52. The function of the distributionlayer is to spread the insulting fluid liquid over a larger surfacewithin the article so that the absorbent capacity of the core can bemore efficiently used. The distribution layer is made of a fibrousmaterial typically based on synthetic or cellulosic fibers and has arelatively low density. The fibrous material may be manufactured byair-laying the fibers on a drum comprising several molds each having therequired depth profile for the desired fibrous material configuration.The formed distribution layer can then be directly un-molded ontoanother component of the article such as nonwoven and then integratedwith the rest of the chassis of the article. When a nonwoven acquisitionlayer 52 is present in the article, the distribution layer may be forexample deposited on this acquisition layer, the two layers beingfurther joined to absorbent core and the rest of the article, as isknown in the art. The fibrous material used to make the distributionlayer may have a Water Retention Value of from 2 to 60, in particularfrom 3 to 40, more particularly from 4 to 20, as measured by the WaterRetention Value Procedure described further below. The density of thedistribution layer may vary depending on the compression of the article,but may typically range from 0.03 g/cm³ to 0.25 g/cm³, in particularfrom 0.05 g/cm³ to 0.15 g/cm³, measured at 0.30 psi (2.07 kPa), and maybe for example measured at the centerpoint C′ or the P point. Aparticularly preferred distribution material comprises or consists ofcross-linked cellulose fibers, as will be detailed further below, butother typical distribution materials can also be used.

The distribution layer of the invention comprises a firstlongitudinally-extending channel 86 a substantially free of fibrousmaterial on one side of the longitudinal axis, and a secondlongitudinally-extending channel 86 b on the other side of thelongitudinal axis. These channels define between them a central area 82comprising fibrous material. The central area has an average centralarea basis weight. The channels further define a first lateral area 81comprising fibrous material disposed transversally outwardly of thefirst channel 86 a and a second lateral area 83 comprising fibrousmaterial disposed transversally outwardly of the second channel 86 b.The central and the lateral areas thus have about the same length, whichis the length of the channels. The basis weight in the first lateralarea is typically about equal to the basis weight in the second lateralarea because the article is normally symmetrically arranged relative tothe longitudinal axis. The distribution layer also comprises a frontarea 84 disposed longitudinally in front of the channels 86, and a backarea 85 disposed longitudinally behind the channels 86.

The channel may be typically at least partially curved. In particularthe channels may be concave (inwardly curved) towards the longitudinalaxis 80′ as illustrated in FIG. 4. Alternatively, it is not excludedthat the channels may be partially or entirely straight, and inparticular longitudinally oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis80′, or curved in the other direction. The channels are typicallydisposed as one or more symmetrical pair(s) relative to the longitudinalaxis, and are spaced apart from one another over their wholelongitudinal dimension. The shortest spacing distance between thechannels may be for example at least 5 mm, or at least 10 mm, or atleast 16 mm. It is however not excluded that the channels may be joinedtogether, for example at their front or back extremities. Furthermore,in order to reduce the risk of fluid leakages, the channels optionallydo not extend up to any of the edges of the distribution layer, and aretherefore surrounded by and fully encompassed within the distributionlayer. The smallest distance between a channel and the closest edge ofthe distribution layer may be at least 5 mm.

It has been suggested in the past to profile the distribution layer inthe longitudinal direction and to provide two material-free channels inthe distribution layer on either side of the longitudinal axis (see e.g.WO2014/93323, Bianchi et al. and WO2015/31225, Roe et al). The presentinvention now provides a distribution layer having a profiled basisweight configuration in the transversal direction. According to a firstaspect of the invention, the average central area basis weight differsfrom the average lateral areas basis weight by at least 50 g/m² (gramsper square meter, or gsm), in particular at least 60 g/m², or at least70 g/m², or at least 80 g/m². The central area may be the area havingthe higher average basis weight relative to the first and second lateralareas. This will be exemplified when discussing for example thedistribution layer of FIGS. 4-7. Alternatively, the average central areabasis weight may be at least 50 g/m², in particular at least 60 g/m², orat least 70 g/m², or at least 80 g/m² lower than the average lateralareas basis weight. This is exemplified for example in the distributionlayer of FIGS. 13-15. For most absorbent articles, the average basis inthe higher basis weight area may typically range from 150 g/m² and 300g/m² and the average basis weight in the lower basis weight area wouldbe between 50 g/m² and 200 g/m². For some articles like adultincontinence products having to deal with relatively high amount offluid, these values may be higher. The average basis weight in thehigher basis weight area may also range from 150 g/m² and 450 g/m² andthe average basis weight in the lower basis weight area would be between50 g/m² and 300 g/m² for these products.

The average basis weight in each area of the distribution layer can bemeasured experimentally by removing and weighing the fibrous material inthe area considered (central area or both lateral areas) and dividingthis weight by the surface of the area considered. The surface of thearea can be determined by taking a picture and analyzing it using anycommercial image analysis software, or by any other conventionalmethods. The channels and any other areas which are substantially freeof fibrous distribution material are disregarded for calculating theaverage basis weight of the different areas. It is unlikely that theaverage basis weights in the first and second lateral area substantiallydiffers, but in any case the combined weight of the distributionmaterial if both areas and the combined surface of both lateral areas isused to determine the average lateral areas basis weight.

Independently of the relation between the basis weigh of the central andthe lateral areas, it may be further advantageous that the basis weightof the distribution material measured at the P point (P) is maximumrelative to the rest of the distribution layer. By maximum, it is meantthat the distribution layer does not comprise another point having ahigher basis weight, but of course there may be other point or regionsin the distribution layer having the same basis weight. The P point mayin particular belong to a region of higher basis weight (bw1) in thedistribution layer. The P point is defined herein as the point of thedistribution layer on the longitudinal axis disposed at a distance of0.30 of the length of the article (L″) from the front edge 10 of thearticle. The basis weight at the P point or on any the other regions ofthe distribution layer can be typically directly determined from themanufacturer's specification of the layer making machine. If thespecification is not known, the local basis weight at the P point may bemeasured by taking a circular sample having a diameter of 10 mm andcentered on the P point. The distribution material in this area isweighed and divided by the surface area of the circle to provide thelocal basis weight value.

The basis weight transition in the transversal direction between regionsof the distribution layer having different basis weight can be typicallydiscontinuous (in other word discrete). The channels in the distributionlayer can act along at least a portion of their length as boundariesbetween regions of the distribution layer having different basis weight.The profiling of the distribution layer in the transversal direction canbe used to provide an improvement of the performance of the articleand/or a cost reduction. Of course, the distribution layer may still beprofiled in the longitudinal direction in each area. This may beadvantageous to have more distribution material in regions of thearticle that are more susceptible to receive fluid for example. Thebasis weight transition in the longitudinal direction between regions ofthe distribution layer having different basis weight can typically becontinuous. This means that may typically be transition zones in thelongitudinal direction as will be exemplified further below.

The general shape of the distribution layer as seen from above may begenerally rectangular, as is typical in the art, but may be also shaped(that is non-rectangular), for example having a bullet shape asillustrated on FIG. 4 with a back edge that is rounded, or may have atapered outline in its middle as illustrated on FIG. 20. The differentconfigurations can be used to maximize the efficiency of thedistribution layer for different applications.

The distribution layer is a fibrous layer. The distribution layer may bea nonwoven material comprising fibers that are bonded to another so thatthe layer has a strong integrity and may be manipulated independently ofa substrate. However the distribution layer is more typically not anonwoven layer, but preferably comprises or consists of loose fiberswith no or weak intra-fiber bonds that are deposited on a supportingsubstrate at varying basis weight to form a profiled distribution. Atypical example of distribution material comprises or consists ofcross-linked cellulose fibers. The distribution layer may for examplecomprise at least 50% by weight of cross-linked cellulose fibers. Thecross-linked cellulosic fibers may be crimped, twisted, or curled, or acombination thereof including crimped, twisted, and curled. This type ofmaterial has been used in the past in disposable diapers as part of anacquisition system, for example US 2008/0312622 A1 (Hundorf). Thecross-linked cellulosic fibers provide higher resilience and thereforehigher resistance against the compression in the product packaging or inuse conditions, e.g. under baby weight.

Exemplary chemically cross-linked cellulosic fibers suitable for adistribution layer are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,549,791, U.S. Pat.No. 5,137,537, WO95/34329 or US2007/118087. Exemplary cross-linkingagents include polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid and/orpolyacrylic acids such as acrylic acid and maleic acid copolymers. Forexample, the cross-linked cellulosic fibers may have between about 0.5mole % and about 10.0 mole % of a C2-C9 polycarboxylic acidcross-linking agent, calculated on a cellulose anhydroglucose molarbasis, reacted with said fibers in an intrafiber ester crosslink bondform. The C2-C9 polycarboxylic acid cross-linking agent may be selectedfrom the group consisting of:

-   -   aliphatic and alicyclic C2-C9 polycarboxylic acids having at        least three carboxyl groups per molecule; and    -   aliphatic and alicyclic C2-C9 polycarboxylic acids having two        carboxyl groups per molecule and having a carbon-carbon double        bond located alpha, beta to one or both of the carboxyl groups,        wherein one carboxyl group in said C2-C9 polycarboxylic acid        cross-linking agent is separated from a second carboxyl group by        either two or three carbon atoms. The fibers may have in        particular between about 1.5 mole % and about 6.0 mole %        cross-linking agent, calculated on a cellulose anhydroglucose        molar basis, reacted therewith in the form of intrafiber ester        crosslink bonds. The cross-linking agent may be selected from        the group consisting of citric acid, 1, 2, 3, 4 butane        tetracarboxylic acid, and 1, 2, 3 propane tricarboxylic acid, in        particular citric acid.

Polyacrylic acid cross-linking agents may also be selected frompolyacrylic acid homopolymers, copolymers of acrylic acid, and mixturesthereof. The fibers may have between 1.0 weight % and 10.0 weight %,preferably between 3 weight % and 7 weight %, of these cross-linkingagents, calculated on a dry fiber weight basis, reacted therewith in theform of intra-fiber crosslink bonds. The cross-linking agent may be apolyacrylic acid polymer having a molecular weight of from 500 to40,000, preferably from 1,000 to 20,000. The polymeric polyacrylic acidcross-linking agent may be a copolymer of acrylic acid and maleic acid,in particular wherein the weight ratio of acrylic acid to maleic acid isfrom 10:1 to 1:1, preferably from 5:1 to 1.5:1. An effective amount ofcitric acid may be further mixed with said polymeric polyacrylic acidcross-linking agent.

The distribution layer comprising cross-linked cellulose fibers maycomprise other fibers, but this layer may comprise at least 50%, or 60%,or 70%, or 80%, or 90% or even up to 100%, by weight of the layer, ofcross-linked cellulose fibers (including the cross-linking agents).Examples of such mixed layer of cross-linked cellulose fibers maycomprise about 70% by weight of chemically cross-linked cellulosefibers, about 10% by weight polyester (PET) fibers, and about 20% byweight untreated pulp fibers. In another example, the layer ofcross-linked cellulose fibers may comprise about 70% by weightchemically cross-linked cellulose fibers, about 20% by weight lyocellfibers, and about 10% by weight PET fibers. In another example, thelayer may comprise about 68% by weight chemically cross-linked cellulosefibers, about 16% by weight untreated pulp fibers, and about 16% byweight PET fibers. In another example, the layer of cross-linkedcellulose fibers may comprise from about 90-100% by weight chemicallycross-linked cellulose fibers.

FIGS. 4-7 illustrate a first example of distribution layer representedin isolation without the substrate such as an acquisition layer or thecore cover on which it may be deposited. FIG. 4 shows a top, planar viewof the distribution layer. The front edge of the distribution layer isthe straight edge and the back edge of the distribution layer is therounded edge. The rounded edge oriented toward the back of the articlein the finished product. FIG. 5 shows schematically a transversalcross-section through the middle of the distribution layer. FIG. 6 showsa longitudinal cross-section of the distribution layer parallel to thelongitudinal axis of the article and FIG. 7 shows a longitudinalcross-section through the first lateral area 81.

In this example, the fibrous material is deposited in a first regionhaving a relatively high basis weight bw1, and a second region having arelatively low basis weight bw2. The region of higher basis weight bw1extends across the whole of the front area 84 of the distribution layer,most of the central area 82 and to a small at extent the front part ofthe lateral areas 81, 83. The region of lower basis weight bw2 ispresent through most of the length of the lateral areas 81, 83 and theback area 85. These regions of constant basis weight are separated bygradual transition zones t1, 12 in the longitudinal direction. Thesetransition zones may be relatively short compared to the rest of thelayer. On the other hand, the transition is discrete in the transversaldirection between the regions of the central area and the lateral areashaving different basis weight, with the channels acting as boundariesserving as discrete transition zones.

These considerations may be generalized beyond this example for anydistribution layers according to the invention. The length (measured inthe longitudinal direction) of the longitudinally-extending transversalsection of the core where both regions of different basis weight arepresent in the areas of the channels may in particular be range from 30%to 100% of the length of the channels (L′). The regions of higher basisweight may also be alternatively on the lateral areas of thedistribution layer, while the region of lower basis weight being on thecentral area. This is for example illustrated in FIG. 13.

The fibrous material of the distribution layer may also be deposited inmore than two regions of different basis weight, and that may extend todifferent areas. The regions of different basis weight can be separatedlongitudinally by gradual transition zones, while the transition may bediscrete in the transversal direction between the regions across atleast along a portion of the length of the channels, with the channelsacting as boundaries serving as discrete transition zones.

The dimensions and basis weight values for the different areas, regionsand channels of the distribution layer can be of course adapted for thedifferent types of absorbent articles considered. Typically, the morefluid needs to be distributed, the higher the basis weight is requiredto provide the performance desired. To give purely exemplary values, asize 4 baby diaper (recommended for babies weighing 7-18 kg) may havefor example a higher basis weight bw1 of 220 gsm and a lower basisweight of 120 gsm, but other values are of course possible. Typically,the distribution layer may comprise a first region having a first basisweight (bw1) and a second region having a second basis weight (bw2),wherein the first basis weight and the second basis weight differ by atleast 20 g/m², in particular at least 50 g/m², or at least 60 g/m², orat least 70 g/m², or at least 80 g/m². The first basis weight region andthe second basis weight region may be typically longitudinally separatedby a continuous transition area (t1, t2). Of course there may be furtherregions of constant basis weight.

The distribution layer as a whole (including for simplification thechannel areas) may typically have an average basis weight of from 30g/m² to 400 g/m², in particular from 100 g/m² to 300 g/m², for the wholedistribution layer. Heavy adult incontinence products may for examplehave a higher basis weight, and smaller sizes diaper a lower basisweight. The underlying absorbent core also plays a role when decidingthe shape and amount of material of the distribution layer. Typicallyhigher amount of absorbent material in the absorbent core requireshigher amount of distribution material superposed therewith and viceversa. Before discussing the further examples of distribution layer ofFIGS. 17-22, an example of absorbent core will be generally described inthe following section.

General Description of the Absorbent Core 28

The distribution layer may advantageously cooperate with the underlyingabsorbent core to provide improved performance in terms of fluidhandling and/or wearing comfort. Thus before discussing other examplesof distribution layers, an exemplary absorbent core and its combinationwith the distribution layer of FIGS. 4-7 will be briefly discussed withexemplary reference to the FIGS. 8-12. The absorbent core 28 may inparticular advantageously comprise at least two longitudinally-extendingareas that are substantially free of absorbent material, which areherein referred as channel-forming areas 26 a, 26 b. The channel-formingareas 26 may be longer or shorter than the channels 86 of thedistribution layer, but advantageously the channel-forming areas of thecore correspond at least along a portion of their length to the channelsin the distribution layer. In this way, the fluid can be directlytransferred vertically via the channels to the center of the absorbentcore, as well as being spread longitudinally along its length.

An exemplary absorbent core taken in isolation is illustrated on FIGS.8-11. As used herein, the term “absorbent core” or “core” refers to acomponent of an absorbent article which comprises an absorbent materialcontained in a core wrap. As used herein, the term “absorbent core” doesnot include the topsheet, the backsheet, and the distribution layer. Theabsorbent core has typically the most absorbent capacity of all thecomponents of the absorbent article, and comprises all or at least themajority of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) in the article. The coretypically thus consists essentially of, or consists of, the core wrap,the absorbent material and optionally adhesives. The absorbent materialmay consist of SAP in particulate form as exemplified in the presentdescription but it is not excluded that other type of absorbent materialmay be used. The terms “absorbent core” and “core” are herein usedinterchangeably.

The absorbent core may be substantially planar so that it can be laidflat on a surface. The absorbent core may also be typically thin andconformable, so that it can also be laid on a curved surface for examplea drum during its making process or stored as a continuous roll of stockmaterial before being converted into an absorbent article. FIGS. 8-11schematically show an absorbent core as known from the prior art, e.g.as in WO2012/170,778 (Rosati et al.). The absorbent cores of theinvention may comprise the same basic features as this absorbent core.For ease of discussion, the exemplarily absorbent core of FIG. 8 isrepresented in a flat state and extending in a plane along a transversaldirection (x) and a longitudinal direction (y). Unless otherwiseindicated, dimensions and areas disclosed herein apply to the core inthis flat-out configuration. The same applies to an absorbent article,as exemplarily represented in FIG. 1, in which the core is integrated.For ease of discussion, the absorbent cores and articles of theinvention will be discussed with reference to the Figures and thenumerals referred to in these Figures, however these are not intended tolimit the scope of the claims unless specifically indicated.

The outline of the absorbent core is typically defined by the core wrap.The core wrap may comprise two individual substrates 16, 16′ asillustrated in the Figures, but it is also common and possible to have asingle substrate forming the core wrap. The absorbent core typicallycomprises a front edge 280, a back edge 282 and twolongitudinally-extending side edges 284, 286 joining the front edge andthe back edge. The front edge is the edge of the core placed towards thefront edge 10 of the absorbent article. Typically the absorbent material60 of the core may be advantageously distributed in somewhat higheramount towards the front edge than towards the back edge as moreabsorbency is typically required towards the front half of the article.Typically the front and back edges 280, 282 may be shorter than thelongitudinally-extending side edges 284, 286. The absorbent core alsocomprises a top side 288 and a bottom side 290. The top side of the coreis the side placed or intended to be placed towards the topsheet 24 ofthe article and the bottom side is the side placed or intended to beplaced towards the backsheet 25 in the finished article. The top side ofthe core wrap may be typically treated to be more hydrophilic than thebottom side.

The absorbent core can notionally (i.e. virtually) comprise alongitudinal axis 80 extending from the front edge 280 to the back edge282 and dividing the core in two substantially symmetrical halvesrelative to this axis, when viewing the core in the plane formed by thelongitudinal and transversal direction (x, y). The absorbent core cantypically be generally rectangular with a width W in the transversaldirection and a length L in the longitudinal direction as measured fromedge to edge, including the region of the core wrap which does notenclose the absorbent material, in particular at the front and back endseals 280′, 282′ when present. In case the core is not rectangular, themaximum dimension measured along the transversal direction and thelongitudinal direction can be used to report the width and length of thecore respectively. The width and length of the core may vary dependingon the intended usage. For baby and infant diapers, the width W may forexample in the range from 40 mm to 200 mm and the length L from 100 mmto 600 mm. Adult incontinence products may have higher maximumdimensions.

The transversal axis 90 of the core (also referred to as “crotch line”)is defined as the virtual line perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 80and bisecting the diaper at a distance of 0.45 of L from the front edge280 of the absorbent core, L being the length of the core as measuredfrom the front edge 280 in direction of the back edge 282, as shown onFIG. 8. The crotch point C of the core is herein defined as the point ofintersection of these two axis. The crotch region of the core is definedherein as the region of the core extending from the transversal axis 90,i.e. at the level of the crotch point C, towards the back edge and frontedge of the core by a distance of a quarter of L (L/4) in bothdirections for a total length of L/2. The front region and back regionof the core are the remaining regions of the core towards the front andback edges of the core respectively.

The absorbent material 60 may be any conventional absorbent materialused in absorbent articles. The absorbent material may consist of SAPparticles immobilized by an adhesive to provide a relatively thin core.The absorbent core may thus be relatively thin, in particular thinnerthan conventional cores comprising cellulosic fibers. In particular, thecaliper of the core (dry, i.e. before use) as measured at the crotchpoint (C) or at any other points of the surface of the core according tothe Dry Core Caliper Test as described herein may be from 0.25 mm to 5.0mm, in particular from 0.5 mm to 4.0 mm. However other types ofabsorbent material are more commonly used, the absorbent material may bein particular a mix of cellulose fibers and SAP particles.

The absorbent material 60 may be deposited within the core wrap as onelayer, or as represented in FIGS. 10-11 as two absorbent layers appliedon the top substrate 16 and bottom substrate 16′ respectively in apattern of land areas 75,75′ separated by junction areas 76,76′. Thisadvanced way of making cores free of cellulose fibers is for examplegenerally disclosed in WO2008/155699. In particular, two absorbentlayers having offset land 75, 75′ and junction areas 76, 76′ may becombined to form an absorbent material deposition area in which theabsorbent material is substantially continuous, as shown in FIG. 8. Ifthe absorbent core is made according to this process, it may furtheradvantageously comprise a fibrous thermoplastic adhesive 74, 74′ tofurther immobilize the absorbent material. However the absorbent coresof the present invention are not limited to a particular process formaking them, and the cores of the invention may be more conventionallyby air-laying a mix of cellulose fibers and superabsorbent particles ona conventional air-laying drum.

The absorbent material 60 defines an absorbent material deposition areaas seen from above within the plane of the core. The deposition area maybe generally rectangular as shown in the FIG. 8, or may be shaped sothat it has a tapered section in the crotch region, as is known in theart in so-called shaped cores. The absorbent core may comprise withinthe deposition area at least a first longitudinally-extending area 26 aand a second longitudinally-extending area 26 b, which are substantiallyfree of absorbent material and are each disposed on opposite side of thelongitudinal axis. These areas will be designated herein aschannel-forming areas 26 a, 26 b. The channel-forming areas may betypically mirror image of each other relative to the longitudinal axis.The top side 288 of the core wrap may be advantageously bonded to thebottom side 290 of the core wrap through these channel-forming areas 26which are substantially free of absorbent material. The bonds 27 may beprovided by an auxiliary glue 72 applied directly to the inner surfaceof at least one of the substrate, as illustrated in FIG. 9, and/or byany other bonding means such as fusion bonding or ultra-sonic bonding.Typically the bonds 27 may generally have the same outline and shape asthe absorbent material free areas 26 in which they are contained, butmay be slightly smaller to allow for a safety margin (e.g. by a few mm)as some deviations from the optimal registration may happen during highspeed process. It is however not excluded that the channel bonds 27 maybe provided in areas containing absorbent material, in those cases thebonds may however be substantially less strong and more easilydelaminate when the absorbent material swells. The channel-forming areas26 may be also be provided without such bonds, but then the absorbentmaterial may relatively quickly fill into these areas so that the fluidhandling properties of the channels may be relatively quicklycompromised.

The two channel-forming areas 26 a,b define a central absorbent zone 62disposed between them, and a first and second lateral absorbent zones61, 63 respectively disposed laterally outwardly of the first and secondchannel-forming areas. The central, first and second lateral absorbentzones comprise absorbent material. The first and second lateralabsorbent zones typically extend laterally up to the longitudinal sideedges 284, 286 of the absorbent core. As defined herein, the centralabsorbent zone 62 and the lateral absorbent zones 61, 63 do not extendbeyond the longitudinal extremities of the channel-forming areas 26, andthus the central and the lateral zones typically all have the samelength L′ as the length of the channel-forming areas 26. The rest of theabsorbent core comprising absorbent material may thus define a frontabsorbent zone 64 extending longitudinally forward of the frontextremities of the channel-forming areas and up to the front end seal280′ and a back absorbent zone 65 extending longitudinally backward fromthe back extremities of the channel-forming areas to the back end seal282′ of the core.

The longitudinal axis 80 of the core is typically superposed with thelongitudinal axis 80′ of the article. As the absorbent material 60swells when it absorbs a liquid such as urine, the bond 27 in thechannel-forming areas 26 remain at least initially in place between thetop and bottom sides of the core wrap, so that the channel-forming areas26 form easily recognizable three-dimensional channels. Thesethree-dimensional channels may further cooperate with the channels ofthe distribution layer 54 disposed above the absorbent core 28 to guidethe fluid inside the core and longitudinally towards the front and backof the article.

The absorbent core and the distribution layer are shown superposed inFIG. 12. In this view, the channel-forming areas 26 of the core extendlongitudinally further than the channels of the distribution layer 86,but the channels and channel-forming areas are otherwise superposed.Typically the absorbent core may be longer and wider than thedistribution layer, so that the channel-forming areas can extend furtherthan the channels of the distribution layer. It may be advantageous thatthe channels 86 or channel-forming areas 26 do not reach any of theedges of the layer in which they are formed, to reduce the risk of fluidescaping the layer. Thus the channels and channel-forming areas may bedesigned to stop at a distance of at least 5 mm from any edges of thelayer in which they are formed. It is however also not excluded that thedistribution layer may be as wide and/or as long as the absorbent core,and the channels and the channel-forming areas may have similardimensions. It is also not excluded that the channel-forming areas 26 ofthe core when present are not superposed with the channels 86 of thedistribution layer 54.

As illustrated in FIG. 10, the absorbent core may have a profileddistribution of material in the longitudinal direction, especiallyhaving a higher basis weight in the crotch region than in the frontregion, and still higher in the front region than in the back region.The absorbent core may also be profiled in the transversal direction, inparticular, the absorbent core and the distribution layer may besimilarly profiled in the transversal direction. Thus, the average basisweight of the absorbent material in the central absorbent zone of thecore may also differ (higher or lower) than the average basis weight inthe first and second lateral absorbent zones of the core. The averagebasis weight of the absorbent material in the central absorbent zone maydiffer by at least 10% than the average basis weight in the first andsecond lateral absorbent zones, in particular by at least 25%, or by atleast 50%, or by at least 100%.

Some executions may have relatively less absorbent material in thecentral absorbent zone. The average basis weight of the lateralabsorbent zones may then be at least 25% higher than the average basisweight in the central absorbent zone. In particular, the average basisweight of the absorbent material in the central absorbent zone may rangefrom about 20% to about 70% of the average basis weight in the first andsecond lateral absorbent zones. The amount of absorbent material in thecentral absorbent zone may also range from about 5% to about 25% of thetotal amount of absorbent material in the absorbent core, and thecombined amount of absorbent material in both lateral absorbent zonesranges from about 30% to 80% of the total amount of absorbent materialin the absorbent core.

Alternatively, other executions may have relatively more absorbentmaterial in the central zone. The average basis weight of the lateralabsorbent zones may then be at least 25% lower than the average basisweight in the central absorbent zone. The amount of absorbent materialin the central absorbent zone may then also range from about 15% toabout 60% of the total amount of absorbent material in the absorbentcore, and the combined amount of absorbent material in both lateralabsorbent zones ranges from about 25% to 70% of the total amount ofabsorbent material in the absorbent core.

The average basis weight for each absorbent zone of the core can be,similarly as for the areas of the distribution layer, calculated bytaking the weight of absorbent material in the zone considered anddividing this weight by the surface of this zone. The channel-formingareas and any other areas which are substantially free of absorbentmaterial are disregarded for calculating the average basis weight of thedifferent zones. The average basis weight may be typically the same inthe first lateral absorbent zone and in the second lateral absorbentzone. If exceptionally there was a significant difference of basisweight in the first lateral zone and the second lateral zone, the weightof the absorbent material in both lateral absorbent zones is anywayadded and divided by the combined surfaces of both lateral absorbentzones to provide an average value.

When the average basis weight of the central zone of the absorbent coreis higher than the average basis weight of the lateral zones, theaverage basis weight of the distribution layer is advantageouslysimilarly higher in the central area relative to the lateral areas ofthe distribution layer. Inversely, when the average basis weight of thecentral zone of the absorbent core is lower than the basis weight of thelateral zones of the core, the average basis weight of the distributionlayer may be advantageously lower in the central area relative to thelateral area of the distribution layer. By increasing the basis weightof the distribution material in the areas superposed with the zones ofthe absorbent core of relatively higher basis weight, the fluid may bemore efficiently distributed and absorbed by the absorbent core. Forexample, the distribution layer of FIGS. 4-7 having a relatively higherbasis weight in the central area 82 is particularly adapted for anabsorbent core having a higher basis weight of absorbent material in thecentral zone 62.

The total amount of absorbent material should be sufficient for theapplication considered. For baby diapers for example, the amount SAPshould be sufficient to provide overnight dryness. For children having aweight range of 8-17 kg, as an example, the total amount of SAP in thecore may be about 12 g, distributed as follows: 11.5% in the frontabsorbent zone, 28% in the central absorbent zone, 25% in each lateralabsorbent zone, and 10.5% in the back absorbent zone (for a total of100%). More generally, the amount of absorbent material may be forexample distributed as indicated in the following Table, the percentagebeing reported by total weight of the absorbent material in theabsorbent core:

Range in weight % In particular Front absorbent zone 64 0*-25  5-20Central absorbent zone 62 15-60 20-45 Lateral absorbent zone 61, 20-7015-30 63 (combined) Back absorbent zone 65 0*-25  5-15 * although notpreferred, it is possible that the channel-forming areas extend up tothe front and back edges of the absorbent core, so that the front and/orare the back absorbent zones not existent.

For absorbent cores having a relatively low amount of absorbent materialin their central absorbent zones, exemplary values for the same type ofbaby diaper may be as follows. The total amount of SAP in the core maybe about 12 g, distributed as follows: 13% in the front absorbent zone,12% in the central absorbent zone, 32% in each lateral absorbent zone,and 11% in the back absorbent zone (for a total of 100%). The averagelateral zones basis weight may be for this particular example about 500gsm and the average central zone basis weight may be about 175 gsm. Moregenerally, the amount of absorbent material may be for exampledistributed as indicated in the following Table, the percentage beingreported by total weight of the absorbent material in the absorbentcore:

Range in weight % In particular Front absorbent zone 64 0*-25  5-20Central absorbent zone 62  5-25 10-20 Lateral absorbent zone 61, 30-8020-40 63 (combined) Back absorbent zone 65 0*-25  5-15 * although notpreferred, it is possible that the channel-forming areas extend up tothe front and back edges of the absorbent core, so that the front and/orare the back absorbent zones not existent.

Other Examples of Distribution Layers

FIGS. 13-15 show another example of distribution layer, wherein theaverage basis weight in the lateral areas 81, 83 is higher than theaverage basis weight in the central area 82, thus having the oppositerelationship as for the previous example of FIGS. 4-7. Such adistribution layer may be particularly adapted to an absorbent core withchannel-forming areas and having a transversally profiled distributionof absorbent material with a relatively low basis weight in the centralabsorbent zone compared to the lateral absorbent zones. This type ofcore may be beneficial if it is desired that the central absorbent zonedoes not become too stiff in the longitudinal direction when it absorbsfluid and swells. Although the stiffness may thus be reduced in thecentral zone, the core may remain sufficiently rigid in the lateralareas so that overall the absorbent core refrains from excessive saggingin the crotch region when wet. Excessive sagging may cause the barrierleg cuffs or the gasketing cuffs to lose contact with the skin of theusers, thus raising the risk of side leakage outside of the article, andshould be avoided. The same general considerations as for the previousexample otherwise apply for this example. FIG. 16 shows thesuperposition of the distribution layer of FIG. 13-15 with an absorbentcore comprising channel-forming areas as previously discussed.

FIGS. 17-19 show another example of distribution layer having threeregions of different basis weight. In this example, the distributionlayer is rectangular (thus not shaped), as seen from above. The regionof high basis weight bw1 of the distribution layer is entirely containedin the central area 82 between the channels 86 a, 86 b. The region ofmedium basis weight bw2 is present in most of the lateral areas 81, 83and in the front area 84. The basis weight further diminishes towardsthe back edge of the distribution layer in the central and lateralareas. The region having the lowest basis weight bw3 comprises the backarea 85 of the distribution layer and a small portion of the adjoiningcentral and lateral areas. Gradual transition zones t1, t2, t3 separatethe different regions of constant basis weight in the longitudinaldirection. The basis weight transition is discrete in the transversaldirection between the central area and the lateral areas. Such adistribution layer may be particularly useful for use together with anabsorbent core having a rectangular absorbent material deposition areaand concentrating the absorbent material in a central zone between itschannel-forming areas (if there are present).

FIGS. 20-22 show another example of distribution layer. Thisdistribution layer is shaped (in other words not rectangular), inparticular it tapers transversally towards its middle. This distributionlayer also comprises four different regions having different basisweight separated by transition zones. The region of highest basis weightbw1 is entirely contained between the channels 86 a, 86 b in the centralarea 82. The basis weight gradually tapers towards the front and backend of the central area until it reaches a region of medium basis weightbw2 on each side. The distribution material in the lateral areas 81, 83also has a medium basis weight bw2 for almost the whole length of thelateral areas. The basis weight further gradually diminishes through atransition zone t2 towards the front edge of the distribution layer to aregion of lower basis weight bw3. Similarly, the basis weight of thedistribution layer gradually diminishes towards the back edge of thedistribution layer through a transition zone t3 until it reaches aregion where the basis weight bw4 is lowest. The region of lowest basisweight bw4 is entirely comprised in the back area 85. Different gradualtransition zones t1, t2, t3, t4 separate the different regions ofconstant basis weight in the longitudinal direction. The basis weighttransition is discrete in the transversal direction through the channelsbetween the central area and the lateral areas along the majority of thelength of the channels. Such a distribution layer may be particularlyuseful for use together with an absorbent core having a shaped absorbentmaterial deposition area which has a relatively high concentration ofthe absorbent material in a central zone between its channel-formingareas (if these are present).

Method for Making the Distribution Layer

The distribution layer of the invention may be made and integrated in anabsorbent article using any typical manufacturing methods known in theart. FIG. 23 shows schematically an individual receptacle or mold 200that can be used for depositing the fibrous material having aconfiguration similar to the distribution layer exemplified in FIG. 17.A plurality of such molds may be arranged in a repeating manner alongthe circumference of a drum in an air-laying chamber, as is known in theart. The bottom of the mold may comprise a grid connected to a source ofvacuum so that the fibers are pulled and deposited in the mold. Twoelongated protuberances 286 a, 286 b are flush with the frame of thereceptacle, so that substantially no fibers deposit in these areas, thusforming the material-free channels 86 a, 86 b of the distribution layer.The mold further comprises zones of different depths, for example a zoneof lowest depth zone 285 which will form the back area 85 of thedistribution layer, a zone of maximum depth 282 corresponding to thecentral area 82 of the distribution layer, and two lateral zones 281,283 of medium depth corresponding to the lateral areas 81, 83 of thedistribution layer.

Example of Article in a Pant Form

As indicated previously, the invention may be also used in absorbentarticles presented in the form of a pant or underwear (herein “pant”).In these articles, the waist and the leg openings are pre-formed duringmanufacture so that the article can be put on like underwear. These pantarticles typically have a front waist panel and a back waist panel whichare sealed together via side seams. The side seams can be broken toremove and discard the article and are typically not re-fastenable. Thefront and back waist panels are typically elasticized. Pants are used astaped diapers on babies and younger children for day wear and forovernight dryness, as training pant for older children at the toilettraining stage, and also as adult incontinence protection.

The outline of such a pant article is schematically illustrated inperspective on FIG. 24. The pant comprises a front waist panel 110 and aback waist panel 120 shown in dotted lines. The front and back waistpanels are joined together at side seams (not represented) to form thewaist opening and the leg openings. The waist panels are typicallyelasticized, either using a material which is inherently elastic to makethem (such as a laminate comprising an elastomeric layer between twononwoven layers) or by sandwiching a plurality of elastic strands 130between two nonwovens along the width of the panels, as is known in theart. The pants may further comprise a chassis comprising the remainingcomponents of the article, in particular the topsheet 24, the backsheet25, the absorbent core 28 and barrier cuffs 30 including upstandingbarrier leg cuffs. These components may be generally constructed as inpreviously disclosed for the taped diaper.

FIG. 25 shows a top view of the wearer-facing side of the pant with theside seams opened and the pant flattened out. For clarity of the view,the barrier cuffs 30, the topsheet 24 and an acquisition layer are notshown in FIG. 25. These and the components represented may be generallyas previously discussed. For example, the distribution layer 54comprises a pair of material-free channel areas 86 which can besuperposed with a pair of generally parallel channel-forming areas 26 inthe absorbent core. The channels in the distribution layer may betypically shorter or have the same length as the channel-forming areas26 in the core. Of course, many other constructions for pants are knownin the art and possible to use in the present invention.

Having described in details the key features of the invention, thefollowing sections provide more details on some of the typicalcomponents found in absorbent articles. The materials described beloware of course optional and non-limiting, unless explicitly indicatedotherwise.

Core Wrap 16, 16′

The absorbent core comprises a core wrap which encloses the absorbentmaterial. The core wrap can typically comprise a substrate for receivingthe absorbent material when the core is made. Various core wrapconstructions are possible. The core wrap may in particular comprise asrepresented in the Figures two separate substrates 16, 16′ forming thetop side and the bottom side of the core wrap respectively. Having twodifferent substrates for example allows separately depositing about halfof the absorbent material on each substrate before combining these toform the core wrap. The two substrates may be attached in a C-wrapconfiguration with two longitudinal seals 284′, 286′, and optionally afront seal 280′ and a back seal 282′ as will be detailed further below.However this core wrap construction is not limiting of the invention, asany conventional core wrap construction may also be used, for example asingle substrate on a portion of which the absorbent material isdeposited and then the rest of the substrate folded over the depositedabsorbent material to form the other side of the core. This singlesubstrate construction can then be sealed longitudinally with a singlelongitudinal edge seal. The core wrap may also comprise two substratesdisposed flat in a face to face relation (sandwich).

The substrates may be formed by any materials suitable for receiving andcontaining the absorbent material. Typical substrate materials used inthe production of conventional cores may be used, in particular paper,tissues, films, wovens or nonwovens, or laminate of any of these. Thecore wrap may in particular be formed by a nonwoven web, such as acarded nonwoven, spunbond nonwoven (“S”) or meltblown nonwoven (“M”),and laminates of any of these. For example spunmelt polypropylenenonwovens are suitable, in particular those having a laminate web SMS,or SMMS, or SSMMS, structure, and having a basis weight range of about 5gsm to 15 gsm. Suitable materials are for example disclosed in U.S. Pat.No. 7,744,576, US 2011/0268932A1, US2011/0319848A1 and US2011/0250413A1.Nonwoven materials are typically made of synthetic fibers, such as PE,PET and in particular PP fibers. It is also possible than the core wrapmay be at least partially formed from a component of the article havinganother function than substrate for the absorbent material. For example,it is possible that the backsheet may form the bottom side of the corewrap and/or that a distribution layer or the topsheet may form the topside of the core wrap. However, typically the core wrap is made of oneor more substrates whose only function is to receive and enclose theabsorbent material, as indicated previously.

As used herein, the terms “nonwoven layer” or “nonwoven web” generallymeans a manufactured sheet, web or batt of directionally or randomlyorientated fibers, bonded by friction, and/or cohesion and/or adhesion,excluding paper and products which are woven, knitted, tufted,stitch-bonded incorporating binding yarns or filaments, or felted bywet-milling, whether or not additionally needled. The fibers may be ofnatural or synthetic origin and may be staple or continuous filaments orbe formed in situ. Commercially available fibers have diameters rangingfrom less than about 0.001 mm to more than about 0.2 mm and they come inseveral different forms such as short fibers (known as staple, orchopped), continuous single fibers (filaments or monofilaments),untwisted bundles of continuous filaments (tow), and twisted bundles ofcontinuous filaments (yam). Nonwoven webs can be formed by manyprocesses such as meltblowing, spunbonding, solvent spinning,electrospinning, carding and airlaying. The basis weight of nonwovenwebs is usually expressed in grams per square meter (g/m² or gsm).

As illustrated in FIG. 9, a first substrate 16 may substantially formthe whole of the top surface 288 of the core wrap and a second substrate16′ substantially form the whole of the bottom surface 290 of the corewrap, but it is not excluded that this may be the other way round. By“substantially forming the whole of the surface” it is meant that theoutwardly extending flaps of the other substrate that have been foldedlongitudinally may also form part of the surface considered. Thesubstrates are typically substantially planar in the same plane as theabsorbent core, and each comprises an external surface and an internalsurface. The internal surface is orientated towards the absorbentmaterial and the external surface is the opposite surface. At least oneof the substrate comprises at least one, and advantageously twooutwardly extending flaps, which are folded around the front, back orside edges of the absorbent core and then attached to the externalsurface of the other substrate to form at least one so-called C-wrapseal. As seen in FIG. 9, the first substrate 16 may comprise two sideflaps laterally extending along the length of the core and which arefolded inwardly over each side edge 284, 286 of the absorbent core. Theflaps may be attached to the outer surface of the second substrate 16′for example by using an adhesive seal along each C-wrap seal 284′, 286′.One or two continuous or semi-continuous lines of glue may be typicallyapplied along the length of the flaps to bond the inner surface of theflaps to the external surface of the other substrate.

As exemplarily represented in FIG. 10, the core may also compriseso-called sandwich seals 280′, 282′ where the two substrates are bondedalong one edge of the core to each other in face-to-face relationshipwith the inner surface of each substrate bonded to the inner surface ofthe other substrate. These sandwich seals can for example be formedusing a hotmelt glue applied in a series of stripes in a directionperpendicular of the edge, as shown on the front edge 280 and back edge282 of the core on FIG. 8 for example.

The substrates may typically be commercially supplied as rolls ofmaterial of several hundred meters of length. Each roll is thenintegrated in the converting line and unrolled at high speed while theauxiliary adhesive, the absorbent material and the fibrous thermoplasticadhesive layer if present are deposited or applied on the substrate andthen further converted into an absorbent core when a core wrap enclosingthe absorbent material is formed by the second substrate. Typically themachine direction (MD) of the converting line may correspond to thelongitudinal direction (y) of the substrate/core and the cross-machinedirection (CD) to the transversal direction (x) of the substrate/core.The substrates may be cut along the front and back edges of the core280, 282 to individualize the core.

Absorbent Material 60

The absorbent material may be any known absorbent material known in theart, but will typically comprise or consist of superabsorbent polymers(herein referred to as “SAP”). The SAP may be typically in particulateforms (superabsorbent polymer particles), optionally mixed withcellulose fibers, but it not excluded that other forms of SAP may beused such as a superabsorbent polymer foam for example. The SAP usefulin the present invention includes a variety of water-insoluble, butwater-swellable polymers capable of absorbing large quantities offluids. The term “superabsorbent polymer” refers herein to absorbentmaterials, which may be cross-linked polymeric materials, that cantypically absorb at least 10 times their weight of an aqueous 0.9%saline solution as measured using the Centrifuge Retention Capacity(CRC) test (EDANA method WSP 241.2.R3 (12). The SAP may in particularhave a CRC value of more than 20 g/g, or more than 24 g/g, or of from 20to 50 g/g, or from 20 to 40 g/g, or 24 to 30 g/g.

The absorbent material may comprise a relative high amount of SAP, inparticular the absorbent material may comprise at least 80%, inparticular at least 85%, 90%, 95% and up to 100% of SAP by weight of theabsorbent material. The absorbent material may in particular comprise noor only small amount of cellulose fibers, such as less than 20%, inparticular less than 10%, 5% or even 0% of cellulose fibers by weight ofthe absorbent material. The absorbent material may thus consist orconsist essentially of SAP. The core wrap is not considered as absorbentmaterial for the purpose of calculating the percentage of SAP in theabsorbent core. When the absorbent material comprises cellulose fibers,the content of SAP may typically range from 60% to 80% by weight of theabsorbent material.

The superabsorbent polymers may be in particulate form so as to beflowable in the dry state and thus easily deposited on a substrate.Typical particulate absorbent polymer materials are made ofpoly(meth)acrylic acid polymers. However, starch-based particulateabsorbent polymer materials may also be used, as well polyacrylamidecopolymer, ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer, cross-linkedcarboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers, cross-linkedpolyethylene oxide, and starch grafted copolymer of polyacrylonitrile.The superabsorbent polymer may be polyacrylates and polyacrylic acidpolymers that are internally and/or surface cross-linked. Suitablematerials are described in WO07/047598, WO07/046052, WO2009/155265 andWO 2009/155264. Suitable superabsorbent polymer particles may beobtained by current state of the art production processes, for exampleas described in WO2006/083584. The superabsorbent polymers arepreferably internally cross-linked, i.e. the polymerization is carriedout in the presence of compounds having two or more polymerizable groupswhich can be free-radically copolymerized into the polymer network. Insome embodiments, the SAP are formed from polyacrylic acidpolymers/polyacrylate polymers, for example having a neutralizationdegree of from 60% to 90%, or about 75%, having for example sodiumcounter ions.

The SAP particles may be relatively small (under 1 mm in their longestdimension) in their dry state and may be roughly circular in shape, butgranules, fibers, flakes, spheres, powders, platelets and other shapesand forms are also known to persons skilled in the art. Typically, theSAP may be in the form of spherical-like particles. In contrast tofibers, “spherical-like particles” have a longest and a smallestdimension with a particulate ratio of longest to smallest particledimension in the range of 1-5, where a value of 1 would equate aperfectly spherical particle and 5 would allow for some deviation fromsuch a spherical particle. The superabsorbent polymer particles may havea particle size of less than 850 μm, or from 50 μm to 850 μm, preferablyfrom 100 μm to 710 μm, more preferably from 150 μm to 650 μm, asmeasured according to EDANA method WSP 220.2-05. SAP having a relativelylow particle size help to increase the surface area of the absorbentmaterial which is in contact with liquid exudates and therefore supportfast absorption of liquid exudates.

The absorbent core typically comprises only one type of SAP, but it isnot excluded that a blend of different SAPs may be used. The fluidpermeability of a superabsorbent polymer can be quantified using itsUrine Permeability Measurement (UPM) value, as measured in the testdisclosed in US patent application number US2014/005622A1. The UPM ofthe SAP may for example be of at least 10×10⁻⁷ cm³·sec/g, or at least30×10⁻⁷ cm³·sec/g, or at least 50×10⁻⁷ cm³·sec/g, or more, e.g. at least80 or 100×10⁻⁷ cm³·sec/g. The SAP particles may have a time to reach anuptake of 20 g/g (T20) of less than 240 s, preferably from 40 s to lessthan 240 s, more preferably from 65 s to 215 s, as measured according tothe K(t) test method as described in WO2015/041784 (Peri et al).

Absorbent Material Deposition Area

The absorbent material 60 defines as seen from above as in FIG. 8 anabsorbent material deposition area having a periphery that may generallyfollow the front, back and longitudinal side edges of the core. Theabsorbent material deposition area can be generally rectangular, forexample as shown in FIG. 8, but other shapes can also be used such as a“T” or “Y” or “sand-hour” or “dog-bone” shape. In particular thedeposition area may be tapered along its width towards the crotch regionof the core. In this way, the absorbent material deposition area mayhave a relatively narrow width in an area of the core intended to beplaced in the crotch region of the absorbent article. This may providefor example better wearing comfort. The absorbent material depositionarea may for example have a width (as measured in the transversaldirection x) at its narrowest point which is less than about 100 mm, 90mm, 80 mm, 70 mm, 60 mm or even less than about 50 mm. This narrowestwidth may be for example at least 5 mm, or at least 10 mm, smaller thanthe width of the deposition area at its largest point in the frontand/or back regions of the deposition area. The channel-forming areas 26are typically encompassed within the absorbent material area, and aretypically completely surrounded by absorbent material, i.e. thechannel-forming areas do not extend to any edges of the absorbentmaterial deposition area.

The absorbent material 60 may be deposited on any of the substratesusing known techniques, which may allow relatively precise deposition ofabsorbent material at relatively high speed. In particular the SAPprinting technology as disclosed for example in US2006/024433(Blessing), US2008/0312617 and US2010/0051166A1 (both to Hundorf et al.)may be used. This technique uses a transfer device such as a printingroll to deposit SAP onto a substrate disposed on a grid of a supportwhich may include a plurality of cross-bars 36 extending substantiallyparallel to each other and spaced apart from one another. The zones 26substantially free of absorbent material through which the bonding 27 isexecuted can be formed for example by modifying the pattern of the gridand receiving drums so that no SAP is applied in the selected areas, asexemplary disclosed in US2012/0312491 (Jackels). This technology allowshigh-speed and precise deposition of SAP on a substrate in particular toprovide one or more area(s) substantially free of absorbent materialsurrounded by absorbent material.

The absorbent material may be substantially continuously distributed inthe deposition area. By “substantially continuous” it is meant that atleast 50%, or at least to 70% and up to 100% of the deposition areacomprises a continuous layer of absorbent material as seen from the topside of the core. The absorbent material may be for example applied as asingle continuous layer on one of the substrate, the layer thus directlyforming the material deposition area. A continuous layer of absorbentmaterial, in particular of SAP, may also be obtained by combining twoabsorbent layers having matching (offset) discontinuous absorbentmaterial application pattern wherein the resulting layer issubstantially continuously distributed across the absorbent materialdeposition area, as exemplarily taught in US2008/0312622A1 (Hundorf),and as exemplarily shown on FIGS. 10-11. Each individual absorbentmaterial layer comprises a pattern having absorbent material land areas75, 75′ separated by absorbent material-free junction areas 76, 76′. Theabsorbent material areas 75 of the first layer correspond substantiallyto the absorbent material-free junction areas 76′ of the second layerand vice versa. As exemplary shown in FIGS. 10-11, the absorbent core 28may thus comprise a first absorbent layer and a second absorbent layerdeposited respectively on the first substrate 16 and second substrate16′ and combined together. The first and second absorbent layers may bedeposited as series of transversally oriented dots which immediatelyafter deposition merge into transversal stripes or “land areas” havingthe desired width. Each absorbent layer may comprise for example between5 and 50 of these generally transversally orientated land areas. Theseland areas may have for example a width ranging from 4 to 20 mm, inparticular 10 mm, as measured in the longitudinal direction (y). Theland areas 75 may be of uniform length in the transversal direction (x)but they may have different width, in particular towards the center orcrotch section of the absorbent structure to form so called “dog bone”or “hour-glass” shape, which shows a tapering along its width at leastin the crotch zone of the structure. The width of the junction areas 76between the land areas 75 may typically be shorter than the width of theland areas, for example having a width exemplarily ranging from 0.5 to 6mm, for example 1 to 2 mm. Of course other patterns of deposition forthe absorbent material are possible, for example the absorbent materialmay be deposited as an array of circular or ovoid land areas, orcombination of rectangular land areas with circular or ovoid land areas.

In many applications, the liquid discharge occurs predominantly in onearea of the core. For diapers, the liquid may predominantly be releasedtowards the crotch region of the core and to a lesser extent the frontof the core. Relatively less liquid may be released towards the back ofthe core. Thus it may be beneficial to profile the amount of absorbentmaterial along the longitudinal direction of the absorbent structure sothat more absorbent material is present in the areas where the liquid ismore likely to insult the core.

Channel-Forming Areas 26

The absorbent material deposition area of the core encompasses at leasttwo channel-forming areas 26 which are substantially free of absorbentmaterial and through which core wrap bonds 27 may be formed. By“substantially free” it is meant that zones do not comprise absorbentmaterial except possibly for minimal amount such as involuntarycontaminations with absorbent material particles that may occur duringthe core making process. The top side 288 of the core wrap is attachedto the bottom side 290 of the core wrap by core wrap bonds 27 in thechannel-forming areas, in particular through these areas substantiallyfree of absorbent material. The channel-forming areas 26 areadvantageously surrounded by absorbent material 60. When the absorbentmaterial 60 swells upon absorbing a liquid, the core wrap bonds 27remain at least initially attached in the channel-forming areas 26. Theabsorbent material 60 swells in the rest of the core when it absorbs aliquid, so that the core wrap forms one or more visible channels alongthe channel-forming areas 26 comprising the core wrap bond 27. Thesechannels are three dimensional and can serve to distribute an insultingfluid along their length to a wider area of the core. They may provide aquicker fluid acquisition speed and a better utilization of theabsorbent capacity of the core. It is not excluded that thechannel-forming areas may be without a core wrap bond, as this may beeasier to manufacture, but these non-bonded areas will typically notform permanent three-dimensional channels when wet.

The inner surface of the top side 288 and the inner surface of thebottom side 290 of the core wrap may be bonded together continuouslyalong the channel-forming areas 26, but the core wrap bond 27 may alsobe discontinuous (intermittent) such as formed by series of point bonds.An auxiliary glue 72 may be used to at least partially form thesubstrates bond 27. In this case, some pressure may be applied on thesubstrates in the zones 26 to improve the adhesive bonds between thesubstrates. If an optional fibrous adhesive 74, 74′ is present, it mayalso help forming the bond 27. If the auxiliary glue is applied as aseries of longitudinally orientated continuous slots, the width andfrequency of these slots may advantageously be such that at least oneslot of auxiliary glue is present at any level of the channel-formingarea 26 in the longitudinal direction. For example the slots may be 1 mmwide with a 1 mm distance between each slots, and the channel-formingareas have a width of about 8 mm. Such on average for 4 slots ofauxiliary glue will be present in each of the channel-forming area 26.It is of course also possible to form the bonds 27 via other knownattachment means, such as pressure bonding, ultrasonic bonding, heatbonding or combination thereof.

The channel-forming areas 26 extend substantially longitudinally,meaning that each zone extends at least as much in the longitudinaldirection (y) than in the transversal direction (x), and typically atleast twice as much in the longitudinal direction than in the transversedirection (as measured after projection on the respective axis). Thechannel-forming areas 26 may have a length L′ projected on thelongitudinal axis 80 of the core that is at least 10% of the length L ofthe absorbent core, in particular from 20% to 80%. The absorbentmaterial-free channel-forming areas may have a width Wc along at leastpart of their length which is at least 2 mm, or at least 3 mm or atleast 4 mm, up to for example 20 mm, or 16 mm or 12 mm. The width Wc ofeach areas substantially free of absorbent material may be constantthrough substantially its whole length or may vary along its length.

The channel-forming areas may be typically at least partially curved. Inparticular the channel-forming areas present in the crotch region may beconcave towards the longitudinal axis 80 as illustrated in FIG. 8.Alternatively, it is not excluded that the channel-forming areas may bepartially or entirely straight, and in particular longitudinallyoriented parallel to the longitudinal axis 80, or curved in the otherdirection. The channel-forming areas are typically disposed as one ormore symmetrical pair(s) relative to the longitudinal axis, and arespaced apart from one another over their whole longitudinal dimension.The shortest spacing distance between the channel-forming areas may befor example at least 5 mm, or at least 10 mm, or at least 16 mm.Furthermore, in order to reduce the risk of fluid leakages, the areassubstantially free of absorbent material may advantageously not extendup to any of the edges of the absorbent material deposition area, andare therefore surrounded by and fully encompassed within the absorbentmaterial deposition area of the core. The smallest distance between achannel-forming area and the closest edge of the absorbent materialdeposition area may be at least 5 mm.

Auxiliary Glue 72

The auxiliary glue 72 is optional. When present, the auxiliary glue maybe applied directly over the inner surface of the top side and/or bottomside of the core wrap. The auxiliary glue may at least partially formthe bonds 27 between the two sides of the core wrap, through the areassubstantially free of absorbent material of the channel-forming areas.The auxiliary glue may also be useful to improve the adhesion betweenthe inner surface of the core wrap and the absorbent material. If afibrous thermoplastic material 74 is present, such an auxiliary glue mayalso help adhering the fibrous thermoplastic material to thematerial-free junction areas 76.

The auxiliary glue may comprise or consist of any kind of thermoplastichot-melt adhesives used in the field of absorbent core making. Such anadhesive generally includes one or more polymers to provide cohesivestrength (e.g., aliphatic polyolefins such as ethylene-propylenecopolymers, polyetheramides, polyetheresters, and combinations thereof;ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers; styrene-butadiene or styrene-isopreneblock copolymers; etc.), a resin or analogous material (sometimes calleda tackifier) to provide adhesive strength (e.g., hydrocarbons distilledfrom petroleum distillates; rosins and/or rosin esters; terpenesderived, for example, from wood or citrus, etc.); and optional waxes,plasticizers or other materials to modify viscosity (e.g., mineral oil,polybutene, paraffin oils, ester oils, and the like), and/or otheradditives including, but not limited to, antioxidants or otherstabilizers. Exemplary suitable commercial adhesives are available fromFuller under reference number 1358L0 and from Henkel under referencenumbers DM3800 and DM526. Further information about hotmelt adhesivechemistry is discussed below for the fibrous thermoplastic adhesivelayer. The auxiliary glue can be applied by any adhesive applicatorknown in the field, in particular bead, slot or spray nozzles.

The auxiliary glue 72 was discussed above with reference to the firstabsorbent substrate 16 which forms the upper side 288 of the absorbentcore, and which is placed towards the topsheet 24 in the finishedabsorbent article 20. This is however not limiting, as the firstsubstrate may alternatively form the bottom side 290 of the absorbentcore which is placed towards the backsheet 25 of the article 20. It isalso considered that a second auxiliary glue may be applied directly onthe second substrate 16′ in addition to the first auxiliary glue applieddirectly on the first substrate 16, in particular in any of theconfigurations discussed above. This may be particular useful when theabsorbent material within the core wrap is formed by two absorbentlayers 61, 62 as discussed above.

Microfiber Glue 74, 74′

The absorbent core may comprise a fibrous thermoplastic adhesivematerial 74 which can be used to further immobilize the absorbentmaterial 60 during the making process of the core and usage of thearticle. The fibrous thermoplastic adhesive material 74, 74′ may be inparticular useful to immobilize the layers of absorbent material ontotheir respective substrate 16, 16′ where they have been deposited. Theseabsorbent layers may comprise land areas 75, 75′ separated by junctionareas 76, 76′ as discussed above and the fibrous thermoplastic adhesivematerial 74 may then be at least partially in contact with the absorbentmaterial in the land areas and at least partially in contact with thesubstrate layer 16, 16′ in the junction areas. This imparts anessentially three-dimensional net-like structure to the fibrous layer ofthermoplastic adhesive material, which in itself is essentially atwo-dimensional structure of relatively small thickness, as compared tothe dimension in length and width directions. Thereby, the fibrousthermoplastic adhesive material may provide cavities to cover theabsorbent material in the land areas, and thereby immobilizes thisabsorbent material. The fibrous adhesive may be for example sprayed onan absorbent layer after it has been deposited on its substrate duringthe core making process.

The fibrous thermoplastic adhesive material may have a molecular weight(Mw) of more than 10,000 and a glass transition temperature (Tg) usuallybelow room temperature or −6° C.<Tg<16° C. Typical concentrations of thepolymer in a hotmelt are in the range of about 20% to about 40% byweight. The thermoplastic polymers may be water insensitive. Exemplarypolymers are (styrenic) block copolymers including A-B-A triblockstructures, A-B diblock structures and (A-B)n radial block copolymerstructures wherein the A blocks are non-elastomeric polymer blocks,typically comprising polystyrene, and the B blocks are unsaturatedconjugated diene or (partly) hydrogenated versions of such. The B blockis typically isoprene, butadiene, ethylene/butylene (hydrogenatedbutadiene), ethylene/propylene (hydrogenated isoprene), and mixturesthereof. Other suitable thermoplastic polymers that may be employed aremetallocene polyolefins, which are ethylene polymers prepared usingsingle-site or metallocene catalysts. Therein, at least one comonomercan be polymerized with ethylene to make a copolymer, terpolymer orhigher order polymer. Also applicable are amorphous polyolefins oramorphous polyalphaolefins (APAO) which are homopolymers, copolymers orterpolymers of C2 to C8 alpha olefins.

The tackifying resin may exemplarily have a Mw below 5,000 and a Tgusually above room temperature, typical concentrations of the resin in ahotmelt are in the range of about 30 to about 60%, and the plasticizerhas a low Mw of typically less than 1,000 and a Tg below roomtemperature, with a typical concentration of about 0 to about 15%.Exemplary commercial suitable adhesives are NW1151 ex. HB Fuller andH2898 ex. Bostik.

The thermoplastic adhesive used for the fibrous layer preferably haselastomeric properties, such that the web formed by the fibers on theSAP layer is able to be stretched as the SAP swell. Exemplaryelastomeric, hotmelt adhesives include thermoplastic elastomers such asethylene vinyl acetates, polyurethanes, polyolefin blends of a hardcomponent (generally a crystalline polyolefin such as polypropylene orpolyethylene) and a Soft component (such as ethylene-propylene rubber);copolyesters such as poly (ethylene terephthalate-co-ethylene azelate);and thermoplastic elastomeric block copolymers having thermoplastic endblocks and rubbery mid blocks designated as A-B-A block copolymers:mixtures of structurally different homopolymers or copolymers, e.g., amixture of polyethylene or polystyrene with an A-B-A block copolymer;mixtures of a thermoplastic elastomer and a low molecular weight resinmodifier, e.g., a mixture of a styrene-isoprenestyrene block copolymerwith polystyrene; and the elastomeric, hot-melt, pressure-sensitiveadhesives described herein. Elastomeric, hot-melt adhesives of thesetypes are described in more detail in U.S. 4,81,066 (Korpman).

The thermoplastic adhesive material fibers may exemplarily have anaverage thickness of about 1 to about 50 micrometers or about 1 to about35 micrometers and an average length of about 5 mm to about 50 mm orabout 5 mm to about 30 mm. The auxiliary glue may improve the adhesionof the thermoplastic adhesive material to the substrate. The fibersadhere to each other to form a fibrous layer, which can also bedescribed as a mesh.

Exemplary Method and Apparatus for Making the Absorbent Core

The absorbent cores may be made by any conventional methods known in theart that allow a relative precise and controlled deposition of absorbentmaterial. The articles may be hand-made or industrially produced at highspeed on a modern converting line. As mentioned above, the absorbentcore of the invention can in particular be made industrially bycombining two absorbent structures using the SAP printing method firstdisclosed in WO2008/155699 (Hundorf et al.) and further developed inWO2012/170798A1 (Jackels et al.), with the adaptations required toobtain the desired distribution of the absorbent material.

Topsheet 24

The topsheet typically forms the majority of the wearer-contactingsurface of the article and is the first layer that the body exudatescontact. The topsheet is preferably compliant, soft-feeling, andnon-irritating to the wearer's skin. Further, at least a portion of thetopsheet is liquid permeable, permitting liquids to readily penetratethrough its thickness. Any known topsheet may be used in the presentinvention. A suitable topsheet may be manufactured from a wide range ofmaterials. Most topsheets are nonwoven materials or apertured formedfilms, but other materials are possible such as porous foams,reticulated foams, woven materials. Typical diaper topsheets have abasis weight of from about 10 gsm to about 28 gsm, in particular betweenfrom about 12 gsm to about 18 gsm but higher basis weights are possibleif it is desired to provide a very soft feeling wearer-contactingsurface for example.

Nonwoven topsheets may be made of natural fibers (e.g., wood or cottonfibers), synthetic fibers or filaments (e.g. polyester or polypropyleneor bicomponent PE/PP fibers or mixtures thereof), or a combination ofnatural and synthetic fibers. If the topsheet includes nonwoven fibers,the fibers may be spunbond, carded, wet-laid, meltblown, hydroentangled,or otherwise processed as is known in the art. In particular thetopsheet may be a spunbond PP nonwoven. A suitable topsheet comprising aweb of staple-length polypropylene fibers is manufactured by Veratec,Inc., a Division of International Paper Company, of Walpole, Mass. underthe designation P-8.

Suitable formed film topsheets are also described in U.S. Pat. No.3,929,135, U.S. Pat. No. 4,324,246, U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,314, U.S. Pat.No. 4,463,045, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,006,394. Other suitable topsheets maybe made in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 4,609,518 and U.S. Pat. No.4,629,643. Such formed films are available from The Procter & GambleCompany of Cincinnati, Ohio as “DRI-WEAVE” and from TredegarCorporation, based in Richmond, Va., as “CLIFF-T”. The topsheet may alsohave a three-dimensional appearance and feel, or there may be anadditional, smaller, three-dimensional layer placed on top of thetopsheet. Such three-dimensional additional layers may be for exampleparticularly useful to receive low viscous exudates such as the stool ofyoung babies Examples of such fluid entangled dual layeredthree-dimensional materials and processes to obtain them have beendisclosed for example in US2014/0121623A1, US2014/0121621A1,US2014/0121624A1, US2014/0121625A1.

The topsheet may also be treated with a wetting agent to make it morehydrophilic. The wetting agent may be a surfactant as is known in theart. Other possible treatments are for example special coating bynanoparticles, as for example described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,645,569, U.S.Pat. No. 6,863,933, US2003/148684 and US2005/008839 (Cramer et al.) andU.S. Pat. No. 7,112,621 (Rohrbaugh et al). Any portion of the topsheetmay also coated with a lotion as is known in the art. Examples ofsuitable lotions include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,760,U.S. Pat. No. 5,609,587, U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,588, U.S. Pat. No.5,968,025 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,716,441. The topsheet may also include orbe treated with antibacterial agents, some examples of which aredisclosed in WO95/24173. Further, the topsheet, the backsheet or anyportion of the topsheet or backsheet may be embossed and/or mattefinished to provide a more cloth like appearance.

The topsheet may comprise one or more apertures to ease penetration ofexudates therethrough, such as urine and/or feces (solid, semi-solid, orliquid). The size of at least the primary aperture is important inachieving the desired waste encapsulation performance. If the primaryaperture is too small, the waste may not pass through the aperture,either due to poor alignment of the waste source and the aperturelocation or due to fecal masses having a diameter greater than theaperture. If the aperture is too large, the area of skin that may becontaminated by “rewet” from the article is increased. Typically, thetotal area of the apertures at the surface of a diaper may have an areaof between about 10 cm² and about 50 cm², in particular between about 15cm² and 35 cm². Examples of apertured topsheet are disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 6,632,504. WO 2011/163582 also discloses suitable coloredtopsheet having a basis weight of from 12 to 18 gsm and comprising aplurality of bonded points. Each of the bonded points has a surface areaof from 2 mm² to 5 mm² and the cumulated surface area of the pluralityof bonded points is from 10 to 25% of the total surface area of thetopsheet.

Backsheet 25

The backsheet may be any backsheet known in the art for absorbentarticles. The backsheet may be positioned directly adjacent thegarment-facing surface of the absorbent core. The backsheet prevents, orat least inhibits, the exudates absorbed and contained therein fromsoiling articles such as bedsheets and undergarments. The backsheet istypically impermeable, or at least substantially impermeable, to liquids(e.g., urine). The backsheet may, for example, be or comprise a thinplastic film such as a thermoplastic film having a thickness of about0.012 mm to about 0.051 mm. The basis weight of those films is usuallyas low as possible to save material costs, typically from 10 gsm to 30gsm, in particular below 20 gsm. A covering low basis weight nonwovenmay be attached to the external surface of the film to provide for asofter touch.

Suitable backsheet materials include breathable materials which permitvapors to escape from the absorbent article while still preventing, orat least inhibiting, exudates from passing through the backsheet.Example breathable materials may include materials such as woven webs,nonwoven webs, composite materials such as film-coated nonwoven webs,microporous films such as manufactured by Mitsui Toatsu Co., of Japanunder the designation ESPOIR NO and by Tredegar Corporation of Richmond,Va., and sold under the designation EXAIRE, and monolithic films such asmanufactured by Clopay Corporation, Cincinnati, Ohio under the nameHYTREL blend P18-3097.

The film may include at least about 20 weight percent filler particles,for example filler particles that include calcium carbonate, so thatwherein the film has been stretched in the machine direction, e.g. to atleast about 150 percent, fractures are formed where said fillerparticles are located. The films may be biaxially stretched at leastabout 150 percent in the machine direction and a transverse direction tocause fractures to form where said filler particles are located.Breathable films may generally have Water Vapor Transmission Rates(WVTR) in excess of 300 grams per square meter per 24 hours. The WVTRmay be measured by the Desiccant Method as indicated in ASTME96/E96M-14.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,075,179 for example discloses a suitable multilayer filmcomprising: a core layer made from an extrudable thermoplastic polymer,the core layer having a first exterior surface and a second exteriorsurface, a first skin layer attached to the first exterior surface ofsaid core layer to form the multilayer film, the multilayer filmdefining an overall thickness. The first skin layer defines a first skinthickness, and comprising less than about ten percent of said overallthickness. The overall thickness is not exceeding about 30 micrometersand the multilayer film is a liquid barrier and has a WVTR of at least300 g/m²/24 hours.

The backsheet may further typically comprise a nonwoven on its mostexternal side to improve softness. Exemplary laminates comprising abreathable film and a nonwoven layer are for example disclosed inWO2014/022,362A1, WO2014/022,652A1 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,352. Thenonwoven web may in particular comprise a spunbond nonwoven web and/or alaminate of a spunbond nonwoven web and a meltblown nonwoven web. Thelaminate may also have a water vapor transmission rate of at least 300g/m²/24 hours. U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,056 for example disclosessubstantially liquid impermeable, vapor permeable composite backsheet.

Acquisition Layer 52

The absorbent article may comprise an acquisition layer 52, whosefunction is to quickly acquire the fluid away from the topsheet so as toprovide a good dryness for the wearer. The acquisition layer istypically placed directly under the topsheet. The distribution layer maybe at least partially disposed under the acquisition layer. Theacquisition layer may typically be or comprise a non-woven material, forexample a SMS or SMMS material, comprising a spunbonded, a melt-blownand a further spunbonded layer or alternatively a carded chemical-bondednonwoven. The nonwoven material may in particular be latex bonded.Exemplary upper acquisition layers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.7,786,341. Carded, resin-bonded nonwovens may be used, in particularwhere the fibers used are solid round or round and hollow PET staplefibers (50/50 or 40/60 mix of 6 denier and 9 denier fibers). Anexemplary binder is a butadiene/styrene latex. Nonwovens have theadvantage that they can be manufactured outside the converting line andstored and used as a roll of material. Further useful nonwovens aredescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,645,569 (Cramer et al.), U.S. Pat. No.6,863,933 (Cramer et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 7,112,621 (Rohrbaugh et al.),US2003/148684 (Cramer et al.) and US2005/008839 (Cramer et al.). Theacquisition layer may be stabilized by a latex binder, for example astyrene-butadiene latex binder (SB latex). Processes for obtaining suchlatices are known, for example, from EP 149880 (Kwok) and US2003/0105190 (Diehl et al.). The binder may typically be present in theacquisition layer in amount ranging from about 12% to about 50%, forexample about 30%, by total weight of the acquisition layer. SB latex isavailable under the trade name GENFLO™ 3160 (OMNOVA Solutions Inc.;Akron, Ohio).

Another typical acquisition layer, sometimes referred to as secondarytopsheet, may for example be a through-air bonded carded web (“TABCW”)but many other alternatives material are known in the art and may beused instead. “Bonded carded web” refers to webs that are made fromstaple fibers that are sent through a combing or carding unit, whichbreaks apart and aligns the staple fibers in the machine direction toform a generally machine direction-oriented fibrous nonwoven web. Thisweb is then drawn through a heated drum, creating bonds throughout thefabric without applying specific pressure (thru air bonding process).The TABCW material provides a low density, lofty through-air bondedcarded web. The web may for example have a specific weight basis levelat about 15 gsm to about 120 gsm (gram per m²), in particular about 30gsm to about 80 gsm. The TABCW material can for example comprise about 3to about 10 denier staple fibers. Examples of such TABCW are disclosedin WO2000/71067 (KIM DOO-HONG et al.). TABCW are available directly fromall usual suppliers of nonwoven webs for use in absorbent articles, forexample Fitesa Ltd or Fiberweb Technical Nonwovens.

A further acquisition layer (not shown) may be used in addition to thefirst acquisition layer described above. For example a tissue layer maybe placed between the first acquisition layer and the distributionlayer. The tissue may have enhanced capillarity distribution propertiescompared to the acquisition layers described above. The tissue and thefirst acquisition layer may be of the same size or may be of differentsize, for example the tissue layer may extend further in the back of theabsorbent article than the first acquisition layer. An example of ahydrophilic tissue is a 13 to 15 gsm high wet strength tissue made ofcellulose fibers from supplier Havix.

Fastening System 42, 44

The absorbent article may include a fastening system, especially whenthe article is a taped diaper as exemplified in FIG. 1. The fasteningsystem can be used to provide lateral tensions about the circumferenceof the absorbent article to hold the absorbent article on the wearer.Such a fastening system is not necessary for pant articles such astraining pants and adult incontinence pants since the waist region ofthese articles is already bonded and elasticized. The fastening systemusually comprises a fastener 42 such as tape tabs, hook and loopfastening components, interlocking fasteners such as tabs & slots,buckles, buttons, snaps, and/or hermaphroditic fastening components,although any other known fastening means are generally acceptable. Alanding zone 44 is normally provided on the front waist region of thearticle for the fastener 42 to be releasably attached. Some exemplarysurface fastening systems are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,848,594, U.S.Pat. No. 4,662,875, U.S. Pat. No. 4,846,815, U.S. Pat. No. 4,894,060,U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,527, U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,092 and U.S. Pat. No.5,221,274 (Buell). An exemplary interlocking fastening system isdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,432,098. The fastening system may alsoprovide a means for holding the article in a disposal configuration asdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,963,140 (Robertson et al.)

The fastening system may also include primary and secondary fasteningsystems, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,622 to reduce shifting ofoverlapped portions or to improve fit as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.5,242,436, U.S. Pat. No. 5,499,978, U.S. Pat. No. 5,507,86, and U.S.Pat. No. 5,591,152.

Front and Back Ears 46, 40

The absorbent article may comprise front ears 46 and back ears 40 as isknown in the art in taped diapers. Training pants which are alreadysealed along the waist edges typically do not require front ears andback ears. The ears can be integral part of the chassis, for exampleformed from the topsheet and/or backsheet as side panel. Alternatively,as represented in FIG. 1, they may be separate elements attached bygluing and/or heat embossing. The back ears 40 are optionallystretchable to facilitate the attachment of the tabs 42 on the landingzone 44 and maintain the taped diapers in place around the wearer'swaist. The front ears 46 may also be optionally elastic or extensible toprovide a more comfortable and contouring fit.

Barrier Leg Cuffs 34 and Gasketing Cuffs 32

Absorbent articles such as taped diapers, training pants or adultincontinence pants may typically further comprise cuff components 30that improve the fit of the article around the legs of the wearer. Suchcuffs typically comprise barrier leg cuffs 34 and gasketing cuffs 32.The cuffs 30 may comprise a piece of material, typically a nonwoven,which is one side partially bonded to the article and on the other sidecan be partially raised away from the topsheet and thus stand up fromthe plane defined by the topsheet as shown for example in FIG. 3. Bothparts of the cuffs may be advantageously elasticized. The raised part ofthe cuff components is referred to herein as barrier leg cuffs 34 andcan provide improved containment of liquids and other body exudatesapproximately at the junction of the torso and legs of the wearer. Thebarrier leg cuffs 34 extend at least partially between the front edgeand the back edge of the absorbent article on opposite sides of thelongitudinal axis and are at least present adjacent to the center pointC′ of the article.

The barrier leg cuffs 34 may be delimited by a proximal edge 36 joinedto the rest of the article, typically the topsheet, and a free terminaledge 38 intended to contact and form a seal with the wearer's skin. Thebarrier leg cuffs 34 may be joined at the proximal edge 36 with thechassis of the article by a bond 37 which may be made for example byadhesive bonding, fusion bonding or combination of known bonding means,for example as disclosed in WO2014/168810A1 (Bianchi et al.). The bond37 at the proximal edge 36 may be continuous or intermittent.

The barrier leg cuffs 34 can be integral with (i.e. formed from) thetopsheet or the backsheet, or more typically be formed from a separatematerial joined to the rest of the article. Typically the material ofthe barrier leg cuffs may extend through the whole length of the articlebut is “tack bonded” to the topsheet towards the front edge and backedge of the article so that in these sections the barrier leg cuffmaterial remains flush with the topsheet. Each barrier leg cuff 34 maycomprise one, two or more elastic strings 35 close to its free terminaledge 38 to provide a better seal.

In addition to the barrier leg cuffs 34, the article may comprisegasketing cuffs 32, which are formed in the same plane as the chassis ofthe absorbent article, in particular may be at least partially enclosedbetween the topsheet and the backsheet, and typically placed furtherlaterally outwardly relative to the barrier leg cuffs 34. The gasketingcuffs 32 can provide a better seal around the thighs of the wearer.Usually each gasketing leg cuff 32 will comprise one or more elasticstring or elastic element 33 comprised in the chassis of the diaper forexample between the topsheet and backsheet in the area of the legopenings. Typically the barrier leg cuffs 34 are disposed moreinternally than the gasketing cuffs 32. The barrier leg cuffs are thusalso referred to as inner cuffs and the gasketing cuffs as outer cuffs.

For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,860,003 describes a disposable diaper whichprovides a contractible leg opening having a side flap and one or moreelastic members to provide an elasticized leg cuff (a gasketing cuff).U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,178 (Aziz) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,909,803 (Aziz)describe disposable diapers having “stand-up” elasticized flaps (barrierleg cuffs) which improve the containment of the leg regions. U.S. Pat.No. 4,695,278 (Lawson) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,795,454 (Dragoo) describedisposable diapers having dual cuffs, including gasketing cuffs andbarrier leg cuffs. All or a portion of the barrier leg and/or gasketingcuffs may be treated with a lotion.

Other Components

The absorbent articles of the invention can further comprise any othertypical components known for the intended purpose of the article thatare not illustrated in the Figures, such as a transverse barrier elementextending across the topsheet to form a receptacle for bowel movement, alotion application on the topsheet, a wetness indicator comprising a pHindicator disposed between the absorbent core and the backsheet, etc.These components are well-known in the art and will not be furtherdiscussed herein. Reference is made to WO2014/093310 where severalexamples of these components are disclosed in more details.

The absorbent article may also comprise at least one elastic waist band(also called elastic waist feature) disposed parallel to and along theback edge of the article and less commonly parallel to and along thefront edge of the article. Such waistbands help providing improved fitand containment at the back and/or front edge of the article. Theelastic waist feature is generally intended to elastically expand andcontract to dynamically fit the wearer's waist. The elastic waistfeature may be constructed in a number of different configurations.Non-limiting examples of back and front waistbands can be found inWO2012/177400 and WO2012/177401 (Lawson), and U.S. Pat. No. 4,515,595,U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,189, U.S. Pat. No. 5,221,274 and U.S. Pat. No.6,336,922 (VanGompel et al.).

Packages

A plurality of articles according to the invention may be packaged in apackage for transport and sale. At least 50% of the articles in thepackage may be according to the invention, and preferably substantiallyall the articles. The articles may be folded and packaged as is known inthe art. The package may be for example a plastic bag or a cardboardbox. Diapers may typically bi-folded along the transversal axis and theears folded inwardly before being packaged. The absorbent articles maybe packed under compression so as to reduce the size of the packages,while still providing an adequate amount of absorbent articles perpackage. By packaging the absorbent articles under compression,caregivers can easily handle and store the packages, while alsoproviding distribution and inventory savings to manufacturers owing tothe size of the packages.

The absorbent articles may thus be packaged compressed at an In-BagCompression Rate of at least 10%, in particular of from 10% to 50%, inparticular from 20% to 40%. The “In-Bag Compression Rate” as used hereinis one minus the height of a stack of 10 folded articles measured whileunder compression within a bag (“In-Bag Stack Height”) divided by theheight of a stack of 10 folded articles of the same type beforecompression, multiplied by 100; i.e. (1-In-Bag Stack Height/stack heightbefore compression)*100, reported as a percentage. Of course, the stackin the bag does not need to have exactly 10 articles, rather the valuemeasured for the height of stack of article in the package is divided bythe number of articles in the stack and then multiplied by 10. Themethod used to measure the In-Bag Stack Height is described in furtherdetails in the Test Procedures. The articles before compression may betypically sampled from the production line between the folding unit andthe stack packing unit. The stack height before compression is measuredby taking 10 articles before compression and packing, and measuringtheir stack height as indicated for the IBSH.

Packages of the absorbent articles of the present disclosure may inparticular have an In-Bag Stack Height of less than 110 mm, less than105 mm, less than 100 mm, less than 95 mm, less than 90 mm, specificallyreciting all 0.1 mm increments within the specified ranges and allranges formed therein or thereby, according to the In-Bag Stack HeightTest described herein. For each of the values indicated in the previoussentence, it may be desirable to have an In-Bag Stack Height of greaterthan 60, or greater than 70 mm, or greater than 75 mm, or greater than80 mm. Alternatively, packages of the absorbent articles of the presentdisclosure may have an In-Bag Stack Height of from 60 mm to 110 mm, from75 mm to 110 mm, from 80 mm to 110 mm, from 80 mm to 105 mm, or from 80mm to 100 mm, specifically reciting all 0.1 mm increments within thespecified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby, according tothe In-Back Stack Height Test described herein.

Relations Between the Layers and Components

Typically, adjacent layers will be joined together using conventionalbonding method such as adhesive coating via slot coating or spraying onthe whole or part of the surface of the layer, or thermo-bonding, orpressure bonding or combinations thereof. Most of the bonding betweencomponents is for clarity and readability not represented in the Figure.Bonding between the layers of the article should be considered to bepresent unless specifically excluded. Adhesives may be typically used toimprove the adhesion of the different layers, for example between thebacksheet and the core wrap. The adhesives used may be any standardhotmelt glue as known in the art. The individual components may beconverted into an absorbent article according to any of the processesknown in the art.

Test Procedures

The values indicated herein are measured according to the methodsindicated herein below, unless specified otherwise. All measurements areperformed at 21° C.±2° C. and 50%±5% RH, unless specified otherwise. Allsamples should be kept at least 24 hours in these conditions toequilibrate before conducting the tests, unless indicated otherwise. Allmeasurements should be reproduced on at least 4 samples and the averagevalue obtained indicated, unless otherwise indicated.

Centrifuge Retention Capacity (CRC)

The CRC measures the liquid absorbed by the superabsorbent polymerparticles for free swelling in excess liquid. The CRC is measuredaccording to EDANA method WSP 241.2.R3 (12).

Dry Absorbent Core Caliper Test

This test may be used to measure the caliper of the absorbent core(before use i.e. without fluid loading) in a standardized manner.

Equipment: Mitutoyo manual caliper gauge with a resolution of 0.01 mm,or equivalent instrument.

Contact Foot: Flat circular foot with a diameter of 17.0 mm (±0.2 mm). Acircular weight may be applied to the foot (e.g., a weight with a slotto facilitate application around the instrument shaft) to achieve thetarget weight. The total weight of foot and added weight (includingshaft) is selected to provide 2.07 kPa (0.30 psi) of pressure to thesample.

The caliper gauge is mounted with the lower surface of the contact footin an horizontal plane so that the lower surface of the contact footcontacts the center of the flat horizontal upper surface of a base plateapproximately 20×25 cm. The gauge is set to read zero with the contactfoot resting on the base plate.

Ruler: Calibrated metal ruler graduated in mm.

Stopwatch: Accuracy 1 second.

Sample preparation: The core is conditioned at least 24 hours asindicated above.

Measurement procedure: The core is laid flat with the bottom side, i.e.the side intended to be placed towards the backsheet in the finishedarticle facing down. The point of measurement (e.g. the crotch point C)is carefully drawn on the top side of the core taking care not tocompress or deform the core.

The contact foot of the caliper gauge is raised and the core is placedflat on the base plate of the caliper gauge with the top side of thecore up so that when lowered, the center of the foot is on the markedmeasuring point.

The foot is gently lowered onto the article and released (ensurecalibration to “0” prior to the start of the measurement). The calipervalue is read to the nearest 0.01 mm, 10±1 seconds after the foot isreleased.

The procedure is repeated for each measuring point. If there is a foldat the measuring point, the measurement is done in the closest area tothis point but without any folds. Ten articles are measured in thismanner for a given product and the average caliper is calculated andreported with an accuracy of one tenth mm.

Absorbent Article Caliper Test

The Absorbent Article Caliper Test can be performed as for the DryAbsorbent Core Caliper Test with the difference that the caliper of thefinished absorbent article is measured instead of the caliper of thecore. The point of measurement may be the intersection C′ of thelongitudinal axis 80′ and transversal axis 90′ of the absorbent article.If the absorbent articles were provided folded and/or in a package, thearticles to be measured are unfolded and/or removed from the center areaof the package. If the package contains more than 4 articles, the outermost two articles on each side of the package are not used in thetesting. If the package contains more than 4 but fewer than 14 articles,then more than one package of articles is required to complete thetesting. If the package contains 14 or more articles, then only onepackage of articles is required to perform the testing. If the packagecontains 4 or fewer articles then all articles in the package aremeasured and multiple packages are required to perform the measurement.Caliper readings should be taken 24±1 hours after the article is removedfrom the package, unfolded and conditioned. Physical manipulation ofproduct should be minimal and restricted only to necessary samplepreparation.

Any elastic components of the article that prevent the article frombeing laid flat under the caliper foot are cut or removed. These mayinclude leg cuffs or waistbands. Pant-type articles are opened or cutalong the side seams as necessary. Apply sufficient tension to flattenout any folds/wrinkles. Care is taken to avoid touching and/orcompressing the area of measurement.

Water Retention Value Measurement Procedure

The following procedure is utilized to determine the water retentionvalue of fibers using a centrifugal method. A sample of 0.35±0.05 gramsof fibers is soaked in a covered container with 100 mL distilled waterat 23±2° C. for 17 hours. The soaked fibers are collected on a filterand transferred to a US standard 80-mesh wire basket supported 40 mmabove a 60-mesh screened bottom of a centrifuge tube. The tube iscovered with a plastic cover and the sample is centrifuged at a relativecentrifuge acceleration of 1600±100 gravities (15.7±1.0 km/s²) for 20minutes. The centrifuged fibers are then removed from the basket andweighed. The weighed fibers are dried to a constant weight at 105° C. ina forced-air oven located in a controlled temperature and humidityenvironment at 23±2° C. and 50±5% RH. The water retention value (WRV) iscalculated as follows:

${WRV} = {\frac{\left( {W - D} \right)}{D} \times 100}$

where

W=wet weight of centrifuged fibers

D=dry weight of centrifuged fibers, and

W−D=weight of absorbed water

In-Bag Stack Height Test

The In-Bag stack height of a package of absorbent articles is determinedas follows:

Equipment:

A thickness tester with a flat, rigid horizontal sliding plate is used.The thickness tester is configured so that the horizontal sliding platemoves freely in a vertical direction with the horizontal sliding platealways maintained in a horizontal orientation directly above a flat,rigid horizontal base plate. The thickness tester includes a suitabledevice for measuring the gap between the horizontal sliding plate andthe horizontal base plate to within ±0.5 mm. The horizontal slidingplate and the horizontal base plate are larger than the surface of theabsorbent article package that contacts each plate, i.e. each plateextends past the contact surface of the absorbent article package in alldirections. The horizontal sliding plate exerts a downward force of850±1 gram-force (8.34 N) on the absorbent article package, which may beachieved by placing a suitable weight on the center of thenon-package-contacting top surface of the horizontal sliding plate sothat the total mass of the sliding plate plus added weight is 850±1grams. Such a testing apparatus is for example illustrated on FIG. 19 ofUS2008/0312624A1.

Test Procedure:

Absorbent article packages are equilibrated at 21±2° C. and 50±5%relative humidity prior to measurement. The horizontal sliding plate israised and an absorbent article package is placed centrally under thehorizontal sliding plate in such a way that the absorbent articleswithin the package are in a horizontal orientation. Any handle or otherpackaging feature on the surfaces of the package that would contacteither of the plates is folded flat against the surface of the packageso as to minimize their impact on the measurement. The horizontalsliding plate is lowered slowly until it contacts the top surface of thepackage and then released. The gap between the horizontal plates ismeasured to within ±0.5 mm ten seconds after releasing the horizontalsliding plate. Five identical packages (same size packages and sameabsorbent articles counts) are measured and the arithmetic mean isreported as the package width. The “In-Bag Stack Height”=(packagewidth/absorbent article count per stack)×10 is calculated and reportedto within ±0.5 mm.

Determination of the Basis Weight of the Absorbent Material in theAbsorbent Core

The distribution of the absorbent material in the central and thelateral absorbent zones of the absorbent core is determined by themanufacturer based on the desired product specification. For example, ifa SAP printing process is used, the SAP distribution will be determinedby the distribution of the cavities on the printing roll and the size ofthe depressions between the bars. If an air-laid core making process isused, for example to deposit a mix of cellulose fibers and SAP particlesas absorbent material, the absorbent material distribution will bedetermined by the shape of the core mold on which the fibers and SAPparticles are deposited. The local basis weight of the absorbentmaterial in the different areas of the absorbent core can be thusdirectly determined from the manufacturer's specification for theabsorbent core's manufacturing tool. For the purpose of calculating thebasis weight in the different absorbent zones of the core, any absorbentmaterial-free areas in the plane of the absorbent core such as in thechannel-forming areas or any material free recesses at the longitudinalsides of the core (in a profiled core, not represented) are disregarded.

If the manufacturer specifications are not known for a given absorbentcore, in particular if the absorbent core was made by a third party, thebasis weight of the absorbent material in different sections of thedifferent absorbent zones can be determined in the following manner. Theabsorbent core is carefully separated from the other components of thearticle (topsheet, backsheet, . . . ) so as not to damage the absorbentcore or modify the distribution of the absorbent material. Then aparticular area of interest of the core can be cut out using a die oranother suitable means to avoid loss of material, and the area weighted.The absorbent material basis weight in the cut-out area is calculated bydividing the weight of the area (minus the weight of the core wrap) bythe size of the area. The basis weight of the core wrap can bedetermined by taking a sample in an area of the core wrap not comprisingthe absorbent material and weighing this sample. This procedure canfurther be repeated on a sufficient amount of similar articles to obtaina good approximation of the basis weight distribution across differentsections of the absorbent zones and to smooth out any small variationsbetween individual articles due to process variability.

Misc

As used herein, the terms “comprise(s)” and “comprising” are open-ended;each specifies the presence of the feature that follows, e.g. acomponent, but does not preclude the presence of other features, e.g.elements, steps, components known in the art or disclosed herein. Theseterms based on the verb “comprise” should be read as encompassing thenarrower terms “consisting essentially of” which excludes any element,step or ingredient not mentioned which materially affect the way thefeature performs its function, and the term “consisting of” whichexcludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified. Any preferredor exemplary embodiments described below are not limiting the scope ofthe claims, unless specifically indicated to do so. The words“typically”, “normally”, “preferably”, “advantageously”, “in particular”and the likes also qualify features which are not intended to limit thescope of the claims unless specifically indicated to do so.

Unless indicated otherwise, the description and claims refer to theabsorbent core and article before use (i.e. dry, and not loaded with afluid) and conditioned at least 24 hours at 21° C.+/−2° C. and 50+/−5%Relative Humidity (RH).

The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood asbeing strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead,unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean boththe recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding thatvalue. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean“about 40 mm”.

Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or relatedpatent or application and any patent application or patent to which thisapplication claims priority or benefit thereof, is hereby incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded orotherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission thatit is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimedherein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other referenceor references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention.Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in thisdocument conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in adocument incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assignedto that term in this document shall govern.

While particular embodiments of the present invention have beenillustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in theart that various other changes and modifications can be made withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is thereforeintended to cover in the appended claims all such changes andmodifications that are within the scope of this invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. An absorbent article extending in a longitudinaldirection parallel to a longitudinal axis and a transversal directionperpendicular to the longitudinal direction, wherein the absorbentarticle comprises: a fluid permeable topsheet on the wearer-facing side;an absorbent core comprising an absorbent material; a fluid-impermeablebacksheet on the garment-facing side; a distribution layer between thetopsheet and the absorbent core, wherein the distribution layercomprises a fibrous material, the distribution layer comprising: a firstand second longitudinally-extending channels substantially free offibrous material; wherein the first channel is on one side of thelongitudinal axis and the second channel is on the other side of thelongitudinal axis; a central area comprising fibrous material disposedbetween the first and second longitudinally-extending channels at anaverage central area basis weight; a first and second lateral areascomprising fibrous material disposed transversally outwardly of thefirst channel and the second channel respectively, wherein the first andsecond lateral areas have an average lateral areas basis weight; whereinthe average central area basis weight differs from the average lateralareas basis weight by at least 50 g/m².
 2. An absorbent articleaccording to claim 1, wherein the local basis weight of the fibrousmaterial is maximum at the P point, wherein the P point is situated onthe longitudinal axis at a distance of 0.30 of the length of the articlefrom the front edge of the article, and the local basis weight ismeasured on an circular area having a diameter of 10 mm centered on theP point.
 3. An absorbent article according to claim 1, wherein theaverage central area basis weight differs from the average lateral areasbasis weight by at least 60 g/m².
 4. An absorbent article according toclaim 1, wherein the higher of the average central area basis weight andthe average lateral areas basis weight ranges from about 150 g/m² toabout 300 g/m² and the lower of the average central area basis weightand the average lateral areas basis weight ranges from about 50 g/m² toabout 200 g/m².
 5. An absorbent article according to claim 1, whereinthe distribution layer comprises a first region having a first basisweight and a second region having a second basis weight, wherein thefirst basis weight and the second basis weight differ by at least 50g/m², and wherein the first basis weight region and the second basisweight region are longitudinally separated by a transition area.
 6. Anabsorbent article according to claim 1, wherein the channels arediscontinuous transversal transition areas for the basis weight in thecentral area and the basis weight in the lateral areas, at least along aportion of the length of the channels.
 7. An absorbent article accordingto claim 1, wherein the fibrous material has a Water Retention Value offrom about 2 to about 60, as measured by the Water Retention ValueProcedure.
 8. An absorbent article according to claim 1, wherein thefibrous material comprises cellulosic fibers.
 9. An absorbent articleaccording to claim 1, wherein the first and secondlongitudinally-extending channels are curved and wherein the minimumdistance between the first and the second longitudinally-extendingchannels is of at least 10 mm.
 10. An absorbent article according toclaim 1, wherein the absorbent core comprises a core wrap having a topside and a bottom side, the absorbent material being between the topside and bottom side of the core wrap, and wherein the absorbent corefurther comprises a first and second longitudinally-extendingchannel-forming areas, wherein the first channel-forming area is on oneside of the longitudinal axis and the second channel-forming side is onthe other side of the longitudinal axis; a central absorbent zonecomprising absorbent material and disposed between the first and thesecond channel-forming areas; and a first lateral absorbent zone and asecond lateral absorbent zone comprising absorbent material and disposedrespectively laterally outwardly of the first channel-forming area andthe second channel-forming area.
 11. An absorbent article according toclaim 10, wherein the channel-forming areas of the absorbent core aresubstantially free of absorbent material, and the top side of the corewrap is attached to the bottom side of the core wrap through thechannel-forming areas.
 12. An absorbent article according to claim 10,wherein the first and second channels of the distribution layer are atleast partially superposed with the first and second channel-formingareas of the absorbent core.
 13. An absorbent article according to claim10, wherein the average basis weight of the absorbent material in thecentral absorbent zone differs from the average basis weight of theabsorbent material in the first and second lateral absorbent zones by atleast 50%.
 14. A package comprising a plurality of absorbent articlesaccording to claim
 1. 15. An absorbent article extending in alongitudinal direction parallel to a longitudinal axis and a transversaldirection perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, wherein theabsorbent article comprises: a fluid permeable topsheet on thewearer-facing side; an absorbent core comprising an absorbent material;a fluid-impermeable backsheet on the garment-facing side; a distributionlayer between the topsheet and the absorbent core, wherein thedistribution layer comprises a fibrous material, the distribution layercomprising: a first and second longitudinally-extending channelssubstantially free of fibrous material; wherein the first channel is onone side of the longitudinal axis and the second channel is on the otherside of the longitudinal axis; a central area comprising fibrousmaterial disposed between the first and second longitudinally-extendingchannels at an average central area basis weight; a first and secondlateral areas comprising fibrous material disposed transversallyoutwardly of the first channel and the second channel respectively,wherein the first and second lateral areas have an average lateral areasbasis weight; wherein the distribution layer comprises a first regionhaving a first basis weight and a second region having a second basisweight, wherein the first basis weight and the second basis weightdiffer by at least 20 g/m², and the first region of first basis weightand the second region of second basis weight are present in differentareas of the distribution layer but are at least partially in the samelongitudinally-extending transversal section of the distribution layerwhere the channels are present, and the length of this transversalsection ranges from about 30% to about 100% of the length of thechannels.
 16. An absorbent article according to claim 15 wherein thefirst basis weight and the second basis weight differ by at least 50g/m².
 17. An absorbent article according to claim 15, wherein theabsorbent core comprises a core wrap having a top side and a bottomside, the absorbent material being between the top side and bottom sideof the core wrap, and wherein the absorbent core further comprises afirst and second longitudinally-extending channel-forming areas, whereinthe first channel-forming area is on one side of the longitudinal axisand the second channel-forming side is on the other side of thelongitudinal axis; a central absorbent zone comprising absorbentmaterial and disposed between the first and the second channel-formingareas; and a first lateral absorbent zone and a second lateral absorbentzone comprising absorbent material and disposed respectively laterallyoutwardly of the first channel-forming area and the secondchannel-forming area.
 18. An absorbent article according to claim 17,wherein the channel-forming areas of the absorbent core aresubstantially free of absorbent material, and the top side of the corewrap is attached to the bottom side of the core wrap through thechannel-forming areas.
 19. An absorbent article according to claim 17,wherein the first and second channels of the distribution layer are atleast partially superposed with the first and second channel-formingareas of the absorbent core.
 20. A package comprising a plurality ofabsorbent articles according to claim 1.